Starting Out With Python. 6 Ed

Cover ....1

Contents....2

Welcome....12

Cover....12

Title Page....12

Copyright Page....13

Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion....14

Contents in a Glance....14

Contents in a Glance....14

Location of VideoNotes....15

Preface....17

Preface....17

Changes in the Sixth Edition....17

Brief Overview of Each Chapter....18

Organization of the Text....21

Features of the Text....22

Supplements....23

Acknowledgments....24

About the Author....26

Ordering Options....26

1: Introduction to Computers and Programming....28

1: Topics....28

1.1: Introduction....28

1.2: Hardware and Software....29

Main Memory....32

Software....33

1.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....34

1.3: How Computers Store Data....34

1.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....39

1.4: How a Program Works....39

From Machine Language to Assembly Language....41

Keywords, Operators, and Syntax: An Overview....44

1.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....46

1.5: Using Python....47

Writing Python Programs and Running Them in Script Mode....49

The IDLE Programming Environment....50

Chapter 1: From the Book for Additional Practice....51

Chapter 1: Review Questions....51

Chapter 1: Programming Exercises....55

2: Input, Processing, and Output....57

2: Topics....57

2.1: Designing a Program....57

More About the Design Process....58

2.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....61

2.2: Input, Processing, and Output....62

2.3: Displaying Output with the print Function....62

2.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....65

2.4: Comments....65

2.5: Variables....66

Creating Variables with Assignment Statements....67

Multiple Assignment....69

Variable Naming Rules....70

Displaying Multiple Items with the print Function....71

Variable Reassignment....72

Numeric Data Types and Literals....73

Storing Strings with the str Data Type....74

Reassigning a Variable to a Different Type....75

2.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....76

2.6: Reading Input from the Keyboard....76

Reading Numbers with the input Function....78

2.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....81

2.7: Performing Calculations....81

In the Spotlight: Calculating a Percentage....82

Floating-Point and Integer Division....84

Operator Precedence....84

In the Spotlight: Calculating an Average....86

The Exponent Operator....87

The Remainder Operator....88

Converting Math Formulas to Programming Statements....89

In the Spotlight: Converting a Math Formula to a Programming Statement....90

Mixed-Type Expressions and Data Type Conversion....91

Breaking Long Statements into Multiple Lines....92

2.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....93

2.8: String Concatenation....93

2.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....95

2.9: More About the print Function....95

Escape Characters....97

2.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....98

2.10: Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings....99

Placeholder Expressions....100

Formatting Values....100

Specifying a Minimum Field Width....103

Aligning Values....105

The Order of Designators....107

Concatenation with F-strings....107

2.10: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....108

2.11: Named Constants....109

2.11: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....110

2.12: Introduction to Turtle Graphics....110

Setting the Turtle’s Heading to a Specific Angle....117

Changing the Drawing Color....121

Moving the Turtle to a Specific Location....122

Controlling the Turtle’s Animation Speed....124

Filling Shapes....126

Getting Input with a Dialog Box....129

In the Spotlight: The Orion Constellation Program....132

2.12: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....140

Chapter 2: From the Book for Additional Practice....140

Chapter 2: Review Questions....140

Chapter 2: Programming Exercises....145

3: Decision Structures and Boolean Logic....150

3: Topics....150

3.1: The if Statement....150

Boolean Expressions and Relational Operators....153

Putting It All Together....156

In the Spotlight: Using the if Statement....157

Single-Line if Statements....158

3.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....159

3.2: The if-else Statement....159

In the Spotlight: Using the if-else Statement....161

3.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....162

3.3: Comparing Strings....162

3.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....166

3.4: Nested Decision Structures and the if-elif-else Statement....166

In the Spotlight: Multiple Nested Decision Structures....171

The if-elif-else Statement....173

3.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....174

3.5: Logical Operators....174

The Loan Qualifier Program Revisited....178

Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators....180

3.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....181

3.6: Boolean Variables....182

3.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....183

3.7: Conditional Expressions....183

3.8: Assignment Expressions and the Walrus Operator....185

3.9: Turtle Graphics: Determining the State of the Turtle....187

In the Spotlight: The Hit the Target Game....190

3.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....194

Chapter 3: From the Book for Additional Practice....194

Chapter 3: Review Questions....194

Chapter 3: Programming Exercises....198

4: Repetition Structures....205

4: Topics....205

4.1: Introduction to Repetition Structures....205

4.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....206

4.2: The while Loop: A Condition-Controlled Loop....207

The while Loop Is a Pretest Loop....210

In the Spotlight: Designing a Program with a while Loop....211

Infinite Loops....212

Using the while Loop as a Count-Controlled Loop ....213

Single-Line while Loops....216

4.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....217

4.3: The for Loop: A Count-Controlled Loop....217

Using the range Function with the for Loop....219

Using the Target Variable Inside the Loop....221

In the Spotlight: Designing a Count-Controlled Loop with the for Statement....223

Letting the User Control the Loop Iterations....225

Generating an Iterable Sequence that Ranges from Highest to Lowest....226

4.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....227

4.4: Calculating a Running Total....227

The Augmented Assignment Operators....229

4.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....231

4.5: Sentinels....231

In the Spotlight: Using a Sentinel....232

4.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....233

4.6: Input Validation Loops....233

In the Spotlight: Writing an Input Validation Loop....236

Using the Walrus Operator in an Input Validation Loop....237

4.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....238

4.7: Nested Loops....238

In the Spotlight: Using Nested Loops to Print Patterns....241

4.8: Using break, continue, and else with Loops....245

Using the else Clause with a Loop....248

4.9: Turtle Graphics: Using Loops to Draw Designs....249

Chapter 4: From the Book for Additional Practice....253

Chapter 4: Review Questions....253

Chapter 4: Programming Exercises....256

5: Functions....261

5: Topics....261

5.1: Introduction to Functions....261

5.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....263

5.2: Defining and Calling a Void Function....264

Defining and Calling a Function....264

Indentation in Python....268

5.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....269

5.3: Designing a Program to Use Functions....270

In the Spotlight: Defining and Calling Functions....272

Pausing Execution Until the User Presses Enter....275

Using the pass Keyword....275

5.4: Local Variables....276

5.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....278

5.5: Passing Arguments to Functions....278

In the Spotlight: Passing an Argument to a Function....281

Passing Multiple Arguments....282

Making Changes to Parameters....284

Keyword Arguments....286

Keyword-Only Parameters....288

Positional-Only Parameters....289

Default Arguments....289

5.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....292

5.6: Global Variables and Global Constants....293

In the Spotlight: Using Global Constants....295

5.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....296

5.7: Introduction to Value-Returning Functions: Generating Random Numbers....296

Standard Library Functions and the import Statement....297

Generating Random Numbers....298

Calling Functions from an F-String....301

Experimenting with Random Numbers in Interactive Mode....301

In the Spotlight: Using Random Numbers....302

In the Spotlight: Using Random Numbers to Represent Other Values....303

The randrange, random, and uniform Functions....304

Random Number Seeds....305

5.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....306

5.8: Writing Your Own Value-Returning Functions....307

How to Use Value-Returning Functions....309

Using IPO Charts....311

In the Spotlight: Modularizing with Functions....312

Returning Strings....316

Returning Boolean Values....316

Returning Multiple Values....318

Returning None from a Function....319

5.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....321

5.9: The math Module....321

5.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....324

5.10: Storing Functions in Modules....324

Conditionally Executing the main Function in a Module....327

5.11: Turtle Graphics: Modularizing Code with Functions....329

Storing Your Graphics Functions in a Module....333

Chapter 5: From the Book for Additional Practice....336

Chapter 5: Review Questions....336

Chapter 5: Programming Exercises....341

6: Files and Exceptions....348

6: Topics....348

6.1: Introduction to File Input and Output....348

Types of Files....350

Opening a File....352

Writing Data to a File....353

Reading Data from a File....355

Concatenating a Newline to a String....359

Reading a String and Stripping the Newline from It....361

Appending Data to an Existing File....362

Writing and Reading Numeric Data....363

6.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....366

6.2: Using Loops to Process Files....366

Reading a File with a Loop and Detecting the End of the File....367

Using Python’s for Loop to Read Lines....369

In the Spotlight: Working with Files....370

6.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....372

6.3: Using the with Statement to Open Files....373

Opening Multiple Files with a with Statement....375

6.4: Processing Records....376

In the Spotlight: Adding and Displaying Records....380

In the Spotlight: Searching for a Record....381

In the Spotlight: Modifying Records....383

In the Spotlight: Deleting Records....385

6.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....387

6.5: Exceptions....387

Handling Multiple Exceptions....392

Displaying an Exception’s Default Error Message....394

The else Clause....396

The finally Clause....397

What If an Exception Is Not Handled?....398

6.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....398

Chapter 6: From the Book for Additional Practice....398

Chapter 6: Review Questions....398

Chapter 6: Programming Exercises....402

7: Lists and Tuples....405

7: Topics....405

7.1: Sequences....405

7.2: Introduction to Lists....405

The Repetition Operator....407

Iterating over a List with the for Loop....408

Indexing....409

The len Function....410

Using a for Loop to Iterate by Index Over a List....411

Lists Are Mutable....411

Concatenating Lists....413

7.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....414

7.3: List Slicing....415

7.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....417

7.4: Finding Items in Lists with the in Operator....418

7.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....419

7.5: List Methods and Useful Built-in Functions....419

7.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....426

7.6: Copying Lists....426

7.7: Processing Lists....428

In the Spotlight: Using List Elements in a Math Expression....428

Totaling the Values in a List....430

Averaging the Values in a List....430

Passing a List as an Argument to a Function....431

Returning a List from a Function....432

In the Spotlight: Processing a List....434

Randomly Selecting List Elements....436

Working with Lists and Files....437

7.8: List Comprehensions....439

Using if Clauses with List Comprehensions....441

7.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....442

7.9: Two-Dimensional Lists....442

7.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....447

7.10: Tuples....447

Reassigning a Tuple to a Variable....449

Storing Mutable Objects in a Tuple....449

Converting Between Lists and Tuples....451

7.10: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....452

7.11: Plotting List Data with the matplotlib Package....452

Plotting a Line Graph....453

Plotting a Bar Chart....464

Plotting a Pie Chart....469

7.11: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....472

Chapter 7: From the Book for Additional Practice....472

Chapter 7: Review Questions....472

Chapter 7: Programming Exercises....476

8: More About Strings....481

8: Topics....481

8.1: Basic String Operations....481

Accessing the Individual Characters in a String....481

String Concatenation....485

Strings Are Immutable....487

8.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....488

8.2: String Slicing....488

In the Spotlight: Extracting Characters from a String....490

8.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....491

8.3: Testing, Searching, and Manipulating Strings....492

String Methods....493

In the Spotlight: Validating the Characters in a Password....499

The Repetition Operator....501

Splitting a String....502

In the Spotlight: String Tokens....504

In the Spotlight: Reading CSV Files....506

8.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....507

Chapter 8: From the Book for Additional Practice....508

Chapter 8: Review Questions....508

Chapter 8: Programming Exercises....511

9: Dictionaries and Sets....517

9: Topics....517

9.1: Dictionaries....517

Retrieving a Value from a Dictionary....518

Using the in and not in Operators to Test for a Value in a Dictionary....519

Adding Elements to an Existing Dictionary....520

Deleting Elements....520

Getting the Number of Elements in a Dictionary....521

Mixing Data Types in a Dictionary....522

Creating an Empty Dictionary....523

Using the for Loop to Iterate over a Dictionary....524

Some Dictionary Methods....524

In the Spotlight: Using a Dictionary to Simulate a Deck of Cards....530

In the Spotlight: Storing Names and Birthdays in a Dictionary....533

The Dictionary Merge and Update Operators....538

Dictionary Comprehensions....539

Using if Clauses with Dictionary Comprehensions....541

9.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....542

9.2: Sets....543

Adding and Removing Elements....545

Using the for Loop to Iterate over a Set....547

Using the in and not in Operators to Test for a Value in a Set....548

Finding the Union of Sets....548

Finding the Intersection of Sets....549

Finding the Difference of Sets....550

Finding the Symmetric Difference of Sets....550

Finding Subsets and Supersets....551

In the Spotlight: Set Operations....552

Set Comprehensions....554

9.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....555

9.3: Serializing Objects....556

9.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....562

Chapter 9: From the Book for Additional Practice....562

Chapter 9: Review Questions....562

Chapter 9: Programming Exercises....569

10: Classes and Object-Oriented Programming....574

10: Topics....574

10.1: Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming....574

10.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....577

10.2: Classes....577

Class Definitions....579

Hiding Attributes....584

Storing Classes in Modules....587

The BankAccount Class....588

The __str__ Method....591

10.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....594

10.3: Working with Instances....594

In the Spotlight: Creating the CellPhone Class....597

Accessor and Mutator Methods....599

In the Spotlight: Storing Objects in a List....600

Passing Objects as Arguments....601

In the Spotlight: Pickling Your Own Objects....603

In the Spotlight: Storing Objects in a Dictionary....605

10.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....613

10.4: Techniques for Designing Classes....613

Finding the Classes in a Problem....614

Identifying a Class’s Responsibilities....621

10.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....626

Chapter 10: From the Book for Additional Practice....626

Chapter 10: Review Questions....626

Chapter 10: Programming Exercises....629

11: Inheritance....634

11: Topics....634

11.1: Introduction to Inheritance....634

In the Spotlight: Using Inheritance....644

11.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....648

11.2: Polymorphism....648

11.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....655

Chapter 11: From the Book for Additional Practice....655

Chapter 11: Review Questions....655

Chapter 11: Programming Exercises....657

12: Recursion....659

12: Topics....659

12.1: Introduction to Recursion....659

12.2: Problem Solving with Recursion....661

12.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....665

12.3: Examples of Recursive Algorithms....665

Chapter 12: From the Book for Additional Practice....672

Chapter 12: Review Questions....672

Chapter 12: Programming Exercises....674

13: GUI Programming....676

13: Topics....676

13.1: Graphical User Interfaces....676

13.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....679

13.2: Using the tkinter Module....679

13.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....683

13.3: Displaying Text with Label Widgets....683

13.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....693

13.4: Organizing Widgets with Frames....694

13.5: Button Widgets and Info Dialog Boxes....697

13.6: Getting Input with the Entry Widget....701

13.7: Using Labels as Output Fields....704

In the Spotlight: Creating a GUI Program....707

13.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....712

13.8: Radio Buttons and Check Buttons....712

13.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....718

13.9: Listbox Widgets....718

Specifying the Size of the Listbox....720

Using a Loop to Populate the Listbox....720

Selecting Items in a Listbox....721

Deleting Items from a Listbox....724

Executing a Callback Function When the User Clicks a Listbox Item....725

In the Spotlight: The Time Zone Program....726

Adding Scrollbars to a Listbox....730

13.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....738

13.10: Drawing Shapes with the Canvas Widget....738

Drawing Lines: The create_line Method....741

Drawing Rectangles: The create_rectangle Method....743

Drawing Ovals: The create_oval Method....746

Drawing Arcs: The create_arc Method....748

Drawing Polygons: The create_polygon Method....754

Drawing Text: The create_text Method....757

13.10: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....762

Chapter 13: From the Book for Additional Practice....762

Chapter 13: Review Questions....762

Chapter 13: Programming Exercises....766

14: Database Programming....770

14: Topics....770

14.1: Database Management Systems....770

14.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....772

14.2: Tables, Rows, and Columns....772

Column Data Types....774

Primary Keys....775

Identity Columns....775

Allowing Null Values....777

14.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....777

14.3: Opening and Closing a Database Connection with SQLite....777

14.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....780

14.4: Creating and Deleting Tables....780

Creating Multiple Tables....783

Creating a Table Only If It Does Not Already Exist....784

Deleting a Table....784

14.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....785

14.5: Adding Data to a Table....785

Inserting Multiple Rows with One INSERT Statement....788

Inserting NULL Data....788

Inserting the Values of Variables....789

Watch Out for SQL Injection Attacks....791

14.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....791

14.6: Querying Data with the SQL SELECT Statement....792

The SELECT Statement....793

Selecting All the Columns in a Table....796

Specifying Search Criteria with the WHERE Clause....798

SQL Logical Operators: AND, OR, and NOT....800

String Comparisons in a SELECT Statement....801

Using the LIKE Operator....801

Sorting the Results of a SELECT Query....803

Aggregate Functions....805

14.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....807

14.7: Updating and Deleting Existing Rows....808

Updating Multiple Columns....811

Determining the Number of Rows Updated....811

Deleting Rows with the DELETE Statement....812

Determining the Number of Rows Deleted....814

14.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....814

14.8: More About Primary Keys....814

The RowID Column in SQLite....815

Integer Primary Keys in SQLite....815

Primary Keys Other Than Integer....816

Composite Keys....816

14.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....818

14.9: Handling Database Exceptions....818

14.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....820

14.10: CRUD Operations....820

In the Spotlight: Inventory CRUD Application....820

14.11: Relational Data....827

Foreign Keys....828

Entity Relationship Diagrams....829

Creating Foreign Keys in SQL....830

Updating Relational Data....834

Deleting Relational Data....834

Retrieving Columns from Multiple Tables in a SELECT Statement....835

In the Spotlight: A GUI Application to Read a Database....837

14.11: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....842

Chapter 14: From the Book for Additional Practice....842

Chapter 14: Review Questions....842

Chapter 14: Programming Exercises....849

Appendix A: Installing Python....852

Appendix B: Introduction to IDLE....854

Writing a Python Program in the IDLE Editor....856

Color Coding....857

Automatic Indentation....857

Saving a Program....858

Running a Program....858

Appendix C: The ASCII Character Set....862

Appendix D: Predefined Named Colors....864

Appendix E: More About the import Statement....872

Appendix F: Formatting Numeric Output with the format() Function....875

Formatting in Scientific Notation....876

Inserting Comma Separators....876

Specifying a Minimum Field Width....877

Formatting a Floating-Point Number as a Percentage....878

Formatting Integers....879

Appendix G: Installing Modules with the pip Utility....880

Appendix H: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....881

Chapter 1: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....881

Chapter 2: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....881

Chapter 3: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....884

Chapter 4: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....886

Chapter 5: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....887

Chapter 6: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....889

Chapter 7: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....890

Chapter 8: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....892

Chapter 9: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....893

Chapter 10: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....895

Chapter 11: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....896

Chapter 12: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....896

Chapter 13: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....896

Chapter 14: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....898

Student Supplemental Materials....901

Glossary....902

Footnotes....912

Index....914

Starting Out with Python^® introduces programming concepts and problem-solving skills using Tony Gaddis' accessible approach. Written for novice programmers, Gaddis uses easy-to-understand language to introduce concepts. Control structures are explained, then classes and GUI applications. Every chapter includes clear and easy-to-read code listings, practical real-world examples, focused explanations and an abundance of exercises. As you progress, you'll learn to recognize how to design the logic of high-quality programs and then implement those programs using Python.

The 6th Edition is thoroughly updated with new language features and functionality for versions of Python up through Python 3.9.

Revel^®empowers you to actively participate in learning. More than a digital textbook, Revel delivers an engaging blend of author content, media, and assessment. With Revel, you can read and practice in one continuous experience anytime, anywhere, on any device.