Программирование. Python. C++. Часть 4: Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций

AI Agents in Action....1

brief contents....8

contents....9

preface....15

acknowledgments....17

about this book....19

Who should read this book....19

How this book is organized: A road map....20

About the code....21

liveBook discussion forum....22

about the author....23

about the cover illustration....24

1 Introduction to agents and their world....25

1.1 Defining agents....25

1.2 Understanding the component systems of an agent....28

1.3 Examining the rise of the agent era: Why agents?....33

1.4 Peeling back the AI interface....35

1.5 Navigating the agent landscape....36

Summary....36

2 Harnessing the power of large language models....38

2.1 Mastering the OpenAI API....40

2.1.1 Connecting to the chat completions model....40

2.1.2 Understanding the request and response....42

2.2 Exploring open source LLMs with LM Studio....44

2.2.1 Installing and running LM Studio....44

2.2.2 Serving an LLM locally with LM Studio....47

2.3 Prompting LLMs with prompt engineering....49

2.3.1 Creating detailed queries....52

2.3.2 Adopting personas....53

2.3.3 Using delimiters....54

2.3.4 Specifying steps....55

2.3.5 Providing examples....56

2.3.6 Specifying output length....57

2.4 Choosing the optimal LLM for your specific needs....58

2.5 Exercises....60

Summary....61

3 Engaging GPT assistants....63

3.1 Exploring GPT assistants through ChatGPT....64

3.2 Building a GPT that can do data science....68

3.3 Customizing a GPT and adding custom actions....73

3.3.1 Creating an assistant to build an assistant....73

3.3.2 Connecting the custom action to an assistant....77

3.4 Extending an assistant’s knowledge using file uploads....80

3.4.1 Building the Calculus Made Easy GPT....80

3.4.2 Knowledge search and more with file uploads....82

3.5 Publishing your GPT....85

3.5.1 Expensive GPT assistants....86

3.5.2 Understanding the economics of GPTs....87

3.5.3 Releasing the GPT....87

3.6 Exercises....89

Summary....90

4 Exploring multi-agent systems....92

4.1 Introducing multi-agent systems with AutoGen Studio....93

4.1.1 Installing and using AutoGen Studio....94

4.1.2 Adding skills in AutoGen Studio....97

4.2 Exploring AutoGen....101

4.2.1 Installing and consuming AutoGen....101

4.2.2 Enhancing code output with agent critics....103

4.2.3 Understanding the AutoGen cache....105

4.3 Group chat with agents and AutoGen....106

4.4 Building an agent crew with CrewAI....108

4.4.1 Creating a jokester crew of CrewAI agents....108

4.4.2 Observing agents working with AgentOps....111

4.5 Revisiting coding agents with CrewAI....114

4.6 Exercises....119

Summary....120

5 Empowering agents with actions....122

5.1 Defining agent actions....123

5.2 Executing OpenAI functions....125

5.2.1 Adding functions to LLM API calls....125

5.2.2 Actioning function calls....127

5.3 Introducing Semantic Kernel....131

5.3.1 Getting started with SK semantic functions....132

5.3.2 Semantic functions and context variables....133

5.4 Synergizing semantic and native functions....135

5.4.1 Creating and registering a semantic skill/plugin....135

5.4.2 Applying native functions....139

5.4.3 Embedding native functions within semantic functions....141

5.5 Semantic Kernel as an interactive service agent....142

5.5.1 Building a semantic GPT interface....143

5.5.2 Testing semantic services....145

5.5.3 Interactive chat with the semantic service layer....146

5.6 Thinking semantically when writing semantic services....149

5.7 Exercises....151

Summary....152

6 Building autonomous assistants....153

6.1 Introducing behavior trees....154

6.1.1 Understanding behavior tree execution....155

6.1.2 Deciding on behavior trees....156

6.1.3 Running behavior trees with Python and py_trees....158

6.2 Exploring the GPT Assistants Playground....160

6.2.1 Installing and running the Playground....160

6.2.2 Using and building custom actions....162

6.2.3 Installing the assistants database....164

6.2.4 Getting an assistant to run code locally....164

6.2.5 Investigating the assistant process through logs....166

6.3 Introducing agentic behavior trees....167

6.3.1 Managing assistants with assistants....167

6.3.2 Building a coding challenge ABT....169

6.3.3 Conversational AI systems vs. other methods....173

6.3.4 Posting YouTube videos to X....174

6.3.5 Required X setup....175

6.4 Building conversational autonomous multi-agents....177

6.5 Building ABTs with back chaining....179

6.6 Exercises....180

Summary....182

7 Assembling and using an agent platform....184

7.1 Introducing Nexus, not just another agent platform....185

7.1.1 Running Nexus....186

7.1.2 Developing Nexus....187

7.2 Introducing Streamlit for chat application development....189

7.2.1 Building a Streamlit chat application....189

7.2.2 Creating a streaming chat application....192

7.3 Developing profiles and personas for agents....194

7.4 Powering the agent and understanding the agent engine....196

7.5 Giving an agent actions and tools....198

7.6 Exercises....202

Summary....203

8 Understanding agent memory and knowledge....204

8.1 Understanding retrieval in AI applications....205

8.2 The basics of retrieval augmented generation (RAG)....206

8.3 Delving into semantic search and document indexing....208

8.3.1 Applying vector similarity search....208

8.3.2 Vector databases and similarity search....212

8.3.3 Demystifying document embeddings....213

8.3.4 Querying document embeddings from Chroma....214

8.4 Constructing RAG with LangChain....216

8.4.1 Splitting and loading documents with LangChain....216

8.4.2 Splitting documents by token with LangChain....219

8.5 Applying RAG to building agent knowledge....220

8.6 Implementing memory in agentic systems....224

8.6.1 Consuming memory stores in Nexus....226

8.6.2 Semantic memory and applications to semantic, episodic, and procedural memory....228

8.7 Understanding memory and knowledge compression....231

8.8 Exercises....233

Summary....234

9 Mastering agent prompts with prompt flow....236

9.1 Why we need systematic prompt engineering....237

9.2 Understanding agent profiles and personas....240

9.3 Setting up your first prompt flow....241

9.3.1 Getting started....242

9.3.2 Creating profiles with Jinja2 templates....246

9.3.3 Deploying a prompt flow API....247

9.4 Evaluating profiles: Rubrics and grounding....248

9.5 Understanding rubrics and grounding....252

9.6 Grounding evaluation with an LLM profile....254

9.7 Comparing profiles: Getting the perfect profile....256

9.7.1 Parsing the LLM evaluation output....256

9.7.2 Running batch processing in prompt flow....259

9.7.3 Creating an evaluation flow for grounding....262

9.7.4 Exercises....266

Summary....267

10 Agent reasoning and evaluation....268

10.1 Understanding direct solution prompting....269

10.1.1 Question-and-answer prompting....270

10.1.2 Implementing few-shot prompting....272

10.1.3 Extracting generalities with zero-shot prompting....274

10.2 Reasoning in prompt engineering....276

10.2.1 Chain of thought prompting....277

10.2.2 Zero-shot CoT prompting....281

10.2.3 Step by step with prompt chaining....282

10.3 Employing evaluation for consistent solutions....285

10.3.1 Evaluating self-consistency prompting....286

10.3.2 Evaluating tree of thought prompting....290

10.4 Exercises....294

Summary....295

11 Agent planning and feedback....296

11.1 Planning: The essential tool for all agents/assistants....297

11.2 Understanding the sequential planning process....301

11.3 Building a sequential planner....302

11.4 Reviewing a stepwise planner: OpenAI Strawberry....309

11.5 Applying planning, reasoning, evaluation, and feedback to assistant and agentic systems....312

11.5.1 Application of assistant/agentic planning....312

11.5.2 Application of assistant/agentic reasoning....314

11.5.3 Application of evaluation to agentic systems....315

11.5.4 Application of feedback to agentic/assistant applications....317

11.6 Exercises....320

Summary....321

appendix A—Accessing OpenAI large language models....323

A.1 Accessing OpenAI accounts and keys....323

A.2 Azure OpenAI Studio, keys, and deployments....326

appendix B—Python development environment....329

B.1 Downloading the source code....329

B.2 Installing Python....330

B.3 Installing VS Code....330

B.4 Installing VS Code Python extensions....330

B.5 Creating a new Python environment with VS Code....332

B.6 Using VS Code Dev Containers (Docker)....333

index....335

A....335

B....336

C....336

D....337

E....337

F....337

G....337

I....337

J....338

K....338

L....338

M....338

N....338

O....338

P....339

Q....339

R....339

S....340

T....340

U....340

V....340

W....341

X....341

Y....341

Z....341

Книга представляет собой завершающую, четвёртую часть серии учебных пособий по программированию. В отличие от большинства аналогичных изданий, в ней представлены два языка программирования высокого уровня — Python и С++.

Главные темы пособия — объектно-ориентированное программирование и создание программ с графическим интерфейсом. Изучаются основные принципы объектного подхода к созданию программ: абстракция, инкапсуляция, наследование, полиморфизм. Изложение ведётся на примерах программирования игр, в которых моделируются системы взаимодействующих объектов.

Для демонстрации возможностей сред быстрой разработки программ в последней части пособия рассмотрены примеры приложений на языке C#.

После каждого параграфа приводится большое число заданий для самостоятельного выполнения разной сложности и вариантов проектных работ.

Пособие предназначено для учащихся средних школ.