Artificial Intelligence for Everyone

Foreword....5

Preface....7

Contents....9

List of Figures....12

1 Introduction....15

2 How to Define Intelligence....18

2.1 Different Concepts for Defining Intelligence....18

2.2 Intelligence Tests....23

Reference....24

3 The Historical Development....25

3.1 The Dual System....25

3.2 The Dartmouth Conference....31

3.3 Algorithms and Programming Languages....32

3.3.1 The 1930s and 1940s: Logical Calculi....33

3.3.2 The 1950s: First Modern Programming Languages....34

3.3.3 The 1960s and 1970s: Development of New Paradigms....35

3.3.4 Object-Oriented Programming....36

3.3.5 The 1980s....37

3.3.6 Further Development....37

3.4 The Turing Machine....39

3.5 The First Computers: The Turing Test, the Single-Tape Turing Machine....40

3.6 LaTeX....42

3.7 The Evolution of Computers....44

References....47

4 Mathematics on the Computer....48

4.1 Microsoft Mathematics....48

4.2 Mathematica....50

4.3 Maple....50

References....51

5 Polynomial and Exponential Complexity....52

5.1 Introductory Considerations....52

5.2 Mathematical Descriptions of Complexity....55

5.3 Rules and Constraints....58

5.4 Axioms....60

5.5 Finding Contradictions: Inconsistency Proofs....66

5.6 Problems from Combinatorics....67

5.7 Coloring Problems....70

References....73

6 Game Theory, Cybernetics, and Information Theory....74

6.1 Game Theory....74

6.2 Cybernetics....75

6.3 Information Theory....77

7 Machine Learning and Neural Networks....80

7.1 Neural Networks....80

7.2 AlphaZero Wins at Chess, Go, and Shogi....87

7.3 Translation Between Different Languages....89

Reference....92

8 Other Applications....93

8.1 Databases....93

8.2 Trade over the Internet....96

8.3 Big Data....100

8.4 The Role of Simulation....114

References....122

9 Digitization....123

9.1 The Basics of Digitization....123

9.2 Some Applications....126

Reference....131

10 Image Processing....132

10.1 Predicting Earthquakes....132

10.2 Tumors, Alzheimer's Disease, and Heart Disease....134

10.3 Recognition of Viruses....137

10.4 Medical Applications....137

10.5 Further Applications....141

10.6 The Basics of Image Processing....142

10.7 The Processing of Images....143

References....154

11 Robotics....155

11.1 Robots in Surgery....167

11.2 Robots Help in Care....169

11.3 Other Interesting Applications....170

References....175

12 Artificial Intelligence in Finance....176

References....183

13 Artificial Intelligence and Education....184

13.1 Education of AI Professionals....184

13.2 The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Education....186

References....188

14 Artificial Intelligence in the Arts....189

14.1 Artificial Intelligence and Music....189

14.2 Artificial Intelligence and Architecture....191

References....192

15 Artificial Intelligence in Law....193

References....200

16 The Development in South and Central America and the Caribbean....201

16.1 Guyana....203

16.2 The Caribbean....207

16.3 Belize....208

16.4 Argentina and Uruguay....209

References....213

17 Future Developments....214

References....221

Index....222

This book demystifies the topic of Artificial Intelligence for readers of varying backgrounds. The content should enable many people to discuss and follow ongoing developments in an informed way, to draw conclusions for their own life and workplace and to acquire the necessary new knowledge. The book strives to provide basic knowledge that will objectify the discussions and relieve some of the creepiness of utopian films. It must also be understood that research results are a necessary condition for progress; they are not sufficient until they can be translated into practice embedded in programs. This difficult relationship between theory and practice has been known for a long time.