Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects. 9 Ed

Starting Out with C++ From Control Structures Through Objects....3

Starting Out with C++ From Control Structures Through Objects....4

Contents at a Glance....9

Contents....12

Preface....32

Changes in the Ninth Edition....33

Organization of the Text....36

Brief Overview of Each Chapter....39

Features of the Text....63

Supplements....64

Which Gaddis C++ book is right for you?....68

About the Author....82

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming....84

Topics....84

1.1 Why Program?....85

1.2 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software....89

Hardware....90

The CPU....92

Main Memory....96

Secondary Storage....98

Input Devices....99

Output Devices....99

Software....100

System Software....101

Application Software....102

Checkpoint....103

1.3 Programs and Programming Languages....104

What Is a Program?....105

Programming Languages....110

Source Code, Object Code, and Executable Code....113

Checkpoint....118

1.4 What Is a Program Made of?....119

Language Elements....120

Key Words (Reserved Words)....123

Programmer-Defined Identifiers....124

Operators....125

Punctuation....125

Lines and Statements....126

Variables....127

Variable Definitions....129

1.5 Input, Processing, and Output....131

Checkpoint....133

1.6 The Programming Process....134

Designing and Creating a Program....135

What Is Software Engineering?....143

1.7 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming....145

Checkpoint....148

Review Questions and Exercises....149

Short Answer....149

Fill-in-the-Blank....150

Algorithm Workbench....152

Predict the Result....155

Find the Error....157

Chapter 2 Introduction to C++....158

Topics....159

2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program....160

Checkpoint....169

2.2 The cout Object....170

2.3 The #include Directive....185

Checkpoint....188

2.4 Variables, Literals, and Assignment Statements....190

Sometimes a Number Isn’t a Number....196

Literals....197

Checkpoint....200

2.5 Identifiers....202

Legal Identifiers....205

2.6 Integer Data Types....206

Integer and Long Integer Literals....216

If You Plan to Continue in Computer Science: Hexadecimal and Octal Literals....219

Checkpoint....221

2.7 The char Data Type....222

The Difference between String Literals and Character Literals....228

2.8 The C++ string Class....234

Using the string Class....235

Checkpoint....239

2.9 Floating-Point Data Types....241

Floating-Point Literals....244

Assigning Floating-Point Values to Integer Variables....249

2.10 The bool Data Type....251

2.11 Determining the Size of a Data Type....254

Checkpoint....257

2.12 More about Variable Assignments and Initialization....258

Declaring Variables with the auto Key Word....262

Alternative Forms of Variable Initialization....264

2.13 Scope....266

2.14 Arithmetic Operators....268

Integer Division....277

Checkpoint....296

2.15 Comments....298

Single-Line Comments....300

Multi-Line Comments....302

2.16 Named Constants....305

Checkpoint....310

2.17 Programming Style....311

Review Questions and Exercises....316

Short Answer....317

Multiple Choice....322

True or False....325

Algorithm Workbench....326

Find the Error....327

Programming Challenges....328

Chapter 3 Expressions and Interactivity....335

Topics....335

3.1 The cin Object....336

Entering Multiple Values....344

Checkpoint....352

3.2 Mathematical Expressions....355

Operator Precedence....361

Associativity....363

Grouping with Parentheses....364

Converting Algebraic Expressions to Programming Statements....365

No Exponents Please!....367

Checkpoint....378

3.3 When You Mix Apples and Oranges: Type Conversion....381

Integer Division....385

3.4 Overflow and Underflow....386

3.5 Type Casting....393

Checkpoint....401

3.6 Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment....404

Combined Assignment Operators....405

Checkpoint....412

3.7 Formatting Output....414

The setprecision Manipulator....426

The fixed Manipulator....434

The showpoint Manipulator....440

The left and right Manipulators....442

Checkpoint....444

3.8 Working with Characters and string Objects....447

Inputting a Character....452

Using cin.get....455

Mixing cin >> and cin.get....459

Using cin.ignore....463

string Member Functions and Operators....467

3.9 More Mathematical Library Functions....469

Random Numbers....475

Checkpoint....486

3.10 Focus on Debugging: Hand Tracing a Program....487

3.11 Focus on Problem Solving: A Case Study....492

Variables....492

Program Design....493

Calculations....496

The Program....497

Review Questions and Exercises....503

Short Answer....504

Fill-in-the-Blank....508

Algorithm Workbench....509

Find the Errors....510

Predict the Output....515

Programming Challenges....519

Chapter 4 Making Decisions....532

Topics....533

4.1 Relational Operators....534

The Value of a Relationship....537

What Is Truth?....541

Checkpoint....545

4.2 The if Statement....547

Be Careful with Semicolons....556

Programming Style and the if Statement....559

Comparing Floating-Point Numbers....561

And Now Back to Truth....564

Don’t Confuse == with =....566

Checkpoint....570

4.3 Expanding the if Statement....571

Don’t Forget the Braces!....577

Checkpoint....581

4.4 The if/else Statement....582

Checkpoint....592

4.5 Nested if Statements....593

Programming Style and Nested Decision Structures....605

Testing a Series of Conditions....608

Checkpoint....615

4.6 The if/else if Statement....616

Using the Trailing else to Catch Errors....624

The if/else if Statement Compared to a Nested Decision Structure....628

Checkpoint....629

4.7 Flags....631

Integer Flags....633

4.8 Logical Operators....634

The && Operator....635

The || Operator....643

The ! Operator....650

Precedence and Associativity of Logical Operators....654

4.9 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators....656

Checkpoint....659

4.10 Menus....660

4.11 Focus on Software Engineering: Validating User Input....668

4.12 Comparing Characters and Strings....674

Comparing Characters....675

Comparing string Objects....680

Checkpoint....686

4.13 The Conditional Operator....687

Using the Value of a Conditional Expression....690

Checkpoint....697

4.14 The switch Statement....699

Using switch in Menu Systems....719

Checkpoint....725

4.15 More about Blocks and Variable Scope....729

Variables with the Same Name....738

Review Questions and Exercises....743

Short Answer....743

Fill-in-the-Blank....744

Algorithm Workbench....746

True or False....749

Find the Errors....751

Programming Challenges....757

Chapter 5 Loops and Files....774

Topics....775

5.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators....776

The Difference between Postfix and Prefix Modes....783

Using ++ and −− in Mathematical Expressions....790

Using ++ and −− in Relational Expressions....792

Checkpoint....793

5.2 Introduction to Loops: The while Loop....794

The while Loop....796

The while Loop Is a Pretest Loop....803

Infinite Loops....804

Don’t Forget the Braces with a Block of Statements....806

Programming Style and the while Loop....808

5.3 Using the while Loop for Input Validation....815

Checkpoint....822

5.4 Counters....823

5.5 The do-while Loop....828

Using do-while with Menus....835

Checkpoint....841

5.6 The for Loop....842

Using the for Loop instead of while or do-while....851

The for Loop Is a Pretest Loop....853

Avoid Modifying the Counter Variable in the Body of the for Loop....854

Other Forms of the Update Expression....855

Defining a Variable in the for Loop’s Initialization Expression....856

Creating a User-Controlled for Loop....858

Using Multiple Statements in the Initialization and Update Expressions....863

Omitting the for Loop’s Expressions....866

Checkpoint....874

5.7 Keeping a Running Total....875

5.8 Sentinels....883

Checkpoint....888

5.9 Focus on Software Engineering: Deciding Which Loop to Use....889

5.10 Nested Loops....891

5.11 Using Files for Data Storage....899

Types of Files....903

File Access Methods....904

Filenames and File Stream Objects....905

Setting Up a Program for File Input/Output....907

Creating a File Object and Opening a File....909

Closing a File....912

Writing Data to a File....913

Reading Data from a File....927

The Read Position....931

Reading Numeric Data from a Text File....934

Using Loops to Process Files....938

Detecting the End of the File....942

Testing for File Open Errors....948

Letting the User Specify a Filename....953

Using the c_str Member Function in Older Versions of C++....957

Checkpoint....958

5.12 Optional Topics: Breaking and Continuing a Loop....959

Using break in a Nested Loop....965

The continue Statement....967

Review Questions and Exercises....973

Short Answer....974

Fill-in-the-Blank....976

Algorithm Workbench....978

True or False....981

Find the Errors....983

Programming Challenges....989

Chapter 6 Functions....1003

Topics....1004

6.1 Focus on Software Engineering: Modular Programming....1005

6.2 Defining and Calling Functions....1009

void Functions....1011

Calling a Function....1012

Checkpoint....1031

6.3 Function Prototypes....1035

6.4 Sending Data into a Function....1042

6.5 Passing Data by Value....1060

6.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Using Functions in a Menu-Driven Program....1066

Checkpoint....1074

6.7 The return Statement....1078

6.8 Returning a Value from a Function....1083

Defining a Value-Returning Function....1086

Calling a Value-Returning Function....1089

6.9 Returning a Boolean Value....1108

Checkpoint....1114

6.10 Local and Global Variables....1115

Local Variables....1116

Local Variable Lifetime....1120

Initializing Local Variables with Parameter Values....1121

Global Variables....1123

Global Constants....1131

Local and Global Variables with the Same Name....1138

6.11 Static Local Variables....1142

Checkpoint....1154

6.12 Default Arguments....1156

6.13 Using Reference Variables as Parameters....1167

Checkpoint....1180

6.14 Overloading Functions....1184

6.15 The exit() Function....1198

Checkpoint....1204

6.16 Stubs and Drivers....1206

Review Questions and Exercises....1214

Short Answer....1214

Fill-in-the-Blank....1215

Algorithm Workbench....1217

True or False....1219

Find the Errors....1221

Programming Challenges....1223

Group Project....1239

Chapter 7 Arrays and Vectors....1242

Topics....1242

7.1 Arrays Hold Multiple Values....1243

Memory Requirements of Arrays....1246

7.2 Accessing Array Elements....1247

Inputting and Outputting Array Contents....1252

Array Initialization....1264

Partial Array Initialization....1274

Implicit Array Sizing....1277

Reading Data from a File into an Array....1278

Writing the Contents of an Array to a File....1283

7.3 No Bounds Checking in C++....1288

Watch for Off-by-One Errors....1293

Checkpoint....1294

7.4 The Range-Based for Loop....1297

Modifying an Array with a Range-Based for Loop....1305

The Range-Based for Loop versus the Regular for Loop....1310

7.5 Processing Array Contents....1311

Thou Shall Not Assign....1319

Printing the Contents of an Array....1322

Summing the Values in a Numeric Array....1324

Getting the Average of the Values in a Numeric Array....1326

Finding the Highest and Lowest Values in a Numeric Array....1328

Partially Filled Arrays....1330

Comparing Arrays....1337

7.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Using Parallel Arrays....1340

Checkpoint....1346

7.7 Arrays as Function Arguments....1348

Using const Array Parameters....1367

Some Useful Array Functions....1368

Checkpoint....1386

7.8 Two-Dimensional Arrays....1390

Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions....1400

Summing All the Elements of a Two-Dimensional Array....1406

Summing the Rows of a Two-Dimensional Array....1407

Summing the Columns of a Two-Dimensional Array....1410

7.9 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions....1412

Checkpoint....1415

7.10 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study....1417

7.11 Introduction to the STL vector....1424

Defining a vector....1426

Using an Initialization List with a vector in C++ 11....1429

Storing and Retrieving Values in a vector....1430

Using the Range-Based for Loop with a vector in C++ 11....1437

Using the push_back Member Function....1444

Determining the Size of a vector....1450

Removing Elements from a vector....1456

Clearing a vector....1460

Detecting an Empty vector....1463

Summary of vector Member Functions....1469

Checkpoint....1471

Review Questions and Exercises....1472

Short Answer....1473

Fill-in-the-Blank....1476

Algorithm Workbench....1478

True or False....1481

Find the Errors....1484

Programming Challenges....1487

Group Project....1502

Chapter 8 Searching and Sorting Arrays....1505

Topics....1505

8.1 Focus on Software Engineering: Introduction to Search Algorithms....1506

The Linear Search....1507

Inefficiency of the Linear Search....1514

The Binary Search....1515

The Efficiency of the Binary Search....1526

8.2 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study....1527

Variables....1527

Modules....1528

Function main....1529

The getProdNum Function....1531

The binarySearch Function....1532

The displayProd Function....1533

The Entire Program....1534

Checkpoint....1544

8.3 Focus on Software Engineering: Introduction to Sorting Algorithms....1545

Sorting Algorithms....1546

The Bubble Sort....1547

Swapping Array Elements....1554

The Selection Sort Algorithm....1562

8.4 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study....1573

Variables....1574

Modules....1574

Function main....1575

The calcSales Function....1577

The dualSort Function....1578

The Overloaded swap Functions....1582

The showOrder Function....1584

The showTotals Function....1586

The Entire Program....1588

8.5 Sorting and Searching vectors (Continued from Section 7.11)....1599

Review Questions and Exercises....1609

Short Answer....1609

Fill-in-the-Blank....1610

True or False....1611

Programming Challenges....1612

Chapter 9 Pointers....1619

Topics....1619

9.1 Getting the Address of a Variable....1620

9.2 Pointer Variables....1625

Creating and Using Pointer Variables....1632

9.3 The Relationship between Arrays and Pointers....1648

9.4 Pointer Arithmetic....1664

9.5 Initializing Pointers....1669

Checkpoint....1672

9.6 Comparing Pointers....1674

9.7 Pointers as Function Parameters....1680

Pointers to Constants....1695

Passing a Nonconstant Argument into a Pointer to a Constant....1698

Constant Pointers....1703

Constant Pointers to Constants....1706

9.8 Dynamic Memory Allocation....1708

9.9 Returning Pointers from Functions....1720

Checkpoint....1736

9.10 Using Smart Pointers to Avoid Memory Leaks....1740

9.11 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study....1750

Variables....1751

Programming Strategy....1752

Functions....1754

Function main....1754

The arrSelectSort Function....1755

The showArrPtr Function....1756

The showArray Function....1756

The Entire Program....1757

Review Questions and Exercises....1765

Short Answer....1766

Fill-in-the-Blank....1768

Algorithm Workbench....1769

True or False....1771

Find the Error....1773

Programming Challenges....1777

Chapter 10 Characters, C-Strings, and More about the string Class....1783

Topics....1783

10.1 Character Testing....1784

10.2 Character Case Conversion....1796

Checkpoint....1804

10.3 C-Strings....1806

More about String Literals....1808

C-Strings Stored in Arrays....1811

10.4 Library Functions for Working with C-Strings....1818

The strlen Function....1819

The strcat Function....1821

The strcpy Function....1824

The strncat and strncpy Functions....1826

The strstr Function....1830

The strcmp Function....1837

Using ! with strcmp....1845

Sorting Strings....1846

Checkpoint....1850

10.5 String/Numeric Conversion Functions....1852

The string to Number Functions....1854

The to_string Function....1856

Checkpoint....1868

10.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Writing Your Own C-String-Handling Functions....1869

Using Pointers to Pass C-String Arguments....1881

Checkpoint....1888

10.7 More about the C++ string Class....1889

Using the string Class....1890

Reading a Line of Input into a string Object....1895

Comparing and Sorting string Objects....1896

Other Ways to Define string Objects....1905

Using string Class Member Functions....1911

10.8 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study....1926

Review Questions and Exercises....1933

Short Answer....1934

Fill-in-the-Blank....1935

Algorithm Workbench....1937

True or False....1938

Find the Errors....1939

Programming Challenges....1940

Chapter 11 Structured Data....1950

Topics....1950

11.1 Abstract Data Types....1951

Abstraction....1952

Data Types....1953

Abstract Data Types....1955

11.2 Structures....1956

11.3 Accessing Structure Members....1965

Comparing Structure Variables....1976

11.4 Initializing a Structure....1977

Checkpoint....1984

11.5 Arrays of Structures....1988

Initializing a Structure Array....1995

11.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Nested Structures....1996

Checkpoint....2005

11.7 Structures as Function Arguments....2007

Constant Reference Parameters....2017

11.8 Returning a Structure from a Function....2019

11.9 Pointers to Structures....2027

Dynamically Allocating a Structure....2035

11.10 Focus on Software Engineering: When to Use ., When to Use −>, and When to Use *....2037

Checkpoint....2040

11.11 Enumerated Data Types....2042

Assigning an Integer to an enum Variable....2046

Assigning an Enumerator to an int Variable....2047

Comparing Enumerator Values....2048

Anonymous Enumerated Types....2053

Using Math Operators to Change the Value of an enum Variable....2054

Using an enum Variable to Step through an Array’s Elements....2055

Using Enumerators to Output Values....2061

Specifying Integer Values for Enumerators....2068

Enumerators Must Be Unique within the Same Scope....2073

Declaring the Type and Defining the Variables in One Statement....2074

Using Strongly Typed enums in C++ 11....2075

Checkpoint....2078

Review Questions and Exercises....2080

Short Answer....2081

Fill-in-the-Blank....2085

Algorithm Workbench....2086

True or False....2089

Find the Errors....2091

Programming Challenges....2095

Chapter 12 Advanced File Operations....2105

Topics....2105

12.1 File Operations....2106

Using the fstream Data Type....2108

File Open Modes with ifstream and ofstream Objects....2119

Checking for a File’s Existence Before Opening It....2120

Opening a File with the File Stream Object Definition Statement....2121

Checkpoint....2122

12.2 File Output Formatting....2123

12.3 Passing File Stream Objects to Functions....2131

12.4 More Detailed Error Testing....2138

12.5 Member Functions for Reading and Writing Files....2146

The getline Function....2151

The get Member Function....2161

The put Member Function....2165

Checkpoint....2169

12.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Working with Multiple Files....2172

12.7 Binary Files....2178

The write and read Member Functions....2181

Writing Data other than char to Binary Files....2188

12.8 Creating Records with Structures....2193

12.9 Random-Access Files....2207

The seekp and seekg Member Functions....2209

The tellp and tellg Member Functions....2222

Rewinding a Sequential-Access File with seekg....2229

12.10 Opening a File for Both Input and Output....2231

Checkpoint....2246

Review Questions and Exercises....2248

Short Answer....2249

Fill-in-the-Blank....2251

Algorithm Workbench....2253

True or False....2255

Find the Error....2257

Programming Challenges....2260

Group Project....2268

Chapter 13 Introduction to Classes....2270

Topics....2271

13.1 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming....2273

Object Reusability....2279

Classes and Objects....2280

Using a Class You Already Know....2285

13.2 Introduction to Classes....2288

Access Specifiers....2291

Public Member Functions....2292

Using const with Member Functions....2294

Placement of public and private Members....2295

Defining Member Functions....2298

Accessors and Mutators....2302

Using const with Accessors....2303

The Importance of Data Hiding....2304

13.3 Defining an Instance of a Class....2305

Accessing an Object’s Members....2307

A Class Demonstration Program....2309

Avoiding Stale Data....2326

Pointers to Objects....2327

Using Smart Pointers to Allocate Objects....2336

Checkpoint....2343

13.4 Why Have Private Members?....2345

13.5 Focus on Software Engineering: Separating Class Specification from Implementation....2349

13.6 Inline Member Functions....2366

Inline Functions and Performance....2373

Checkpoint....2374

13.7 Constructors....2375

Using Member Initialization Lists....2391

In-Place Member Initialization....2393

The Default Constructor....2394

Default Constructors and Dynamically Allocated Objects....2395

13.8 Passing Arguments to Constructors....2396

Using Default Arguments with Constructors....2416

More about the Default Constructor....2423

Classes with No Default Constructor....2424

13.9 Destructors....2425

Destructors and Dynamically Allocated Class Objects....2435

Checkpoint....2437

13.10 Overloading Constructors....2439

Constructor Delegation....2449

Only One Default Constructor and One Destructor....2452

Other Overloaded Member Functions....2453

13.11 Private Member Functions....2454

13.12 Arrays of Objects....2459

Accessing Members of Objects in an Array....2463

Checkpoint....2467

13.13 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: An OOP Case Study....2470

Private Member Variables....2470

Public Member Functions....2471

The Class Declaration....2472

The withdraw Member Function....2476

The Class’s Interface....2478

Implementing the Class....2479

13.14 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Simulating Dice with Objects....2491

13.15 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: The Unified Modeling Language (UML)....2502

Showing Access Specification in UML Diagrams....2505

Data Type and Parameter Notation in UML Diagrams....2506

Showing Constructors and Destructors in a UML Diagram....2508

13.16 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Finding the Classes and Their Responsibilities....2509

Finding the Classes....2510

Write a Description of the Problem Domain....2511

Identify All of the Nouns....2513

Refine the List of Nouns....2515

Identifying a Class’s Responsibilities....2521

The Customer class....2522

The Car Class....2524

The ServiceQuote Class....2526

This Is Only the Beginning....2528

Checkpoint....2529

Review Questions and Exercises....2531

Short Answer....2532

Fill-in-the-Blank....2534

Algorithm Workbench....2536

True or False....2538

Find the Errors....2540

Programming Challenges....2544

Group Project....2561

Chapter 14 More about Classes....2563

Topics....2563

14.1 Instance and Static Members....2564

Instance Variables....2565

Static Members....2567

Static Member Variables....2568

Static Member Functions....2581

14.2 Friends of Classes....2593

Checkpoint....2612

14.3 Memberwise Assignment....2613

14.4 Copy Constructors....2618

Using const Parameters in Copy Constructors....2628

Copy Constructors and Function Parameters....2633

The Default Copy Constructor....2634

Checkpoint....2634

14.5 Operator Overloading....2635

The this Pointer....2638

Overloading the = Operator....2639

Checking for Self-Assignment....2643

The = Operator’s Return Value....2647

Copy Assignment....2649

Some General Issues of Operator Overloading....2658

Overloading Math Operators....2661

Overloading the Prefix ++ Operator....2677

Overloading the Postfix ++ Operator....2679

Checkpoint....2686

Overloading Relational Operators....2688

Overloading the << and >> Operators....2696

Overloading the [ ] Operator....2710

Checkpoint....2731

14.6 Object Conversion....2732

Checkpoint....2739

14.7 Aggregation....2740

Using Member Initialization Lists with Aggregate Classes....2754

Aggregation in UML Diagrams....2756

14.8 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaborations....2758

Determining Class Collaborations with CRC Cards....2769

Checkpoint....2771

14.9 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Simulating the Game of Cho-Han....2772

14.10 Rvalue References and Move Semantics....2804

Lvalues and Rvalues....2805

Rvalue References....2810

Move Semantics....2813

When to Implement Move Semantics in a Class....2827

Default Operations Provided by the Compiler....2828

Review Questions and Exercises....2830

Short Answer....2831

Fill-in-the-Blank....2835

Algorithm Workbench....2836

True or False....2837

Find the Errors....2839

Programming Challenges....2844

Chapter 15 Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual Functions....2857

Topics....2857

15.1 What Is Inheritance?....2858

Generalization and Specialization....2859

Inheritance and the “Is a” Relationship....2860

Checkpoint....2886

15.2 Protected Members and Class Access....2889

More about Base Class Access Specification....2905

Checkpoint....2908

15.3 Constructors and Destructors in Base and Derived Classes....2911

Passing Arguments to Base Class Constructors....2916

Constructor Inheritance....2950

Checkpoint....2954

15.4 Redefining Base Class Functions....2958

15.5 Class Hierarchies....2973

15.6 Polymorphism and Virtual Member Functions....2993

Polymorphism Requires References or Pointers....3017

Base Class Pointers....3024

Base Class Pointers and References Know Only about Base Class Members....3031

The “Is-a” Relationship Does Not Work in Reverse....3033

Redefining versus Overriding....3035

Virtual Destructors....3036

C++ 11’s override and final Key Words....3045

Preventing a Member Function from Being Overridden....3053

15.7 Abstract Base Classes and Pure Virtual Functions....3054

Checkpoint....3070

15.8 Multiple Inheritance....3079

Checkpoint....3097

Review Questions and Exercises....3100

Short Answer....3101

Fill-in-the-Blank....3103

Algorithm Workbench....3105

True or False....3107

Find the Errors....3109

Programming Challenges....3112

Group Project....3124

Chapter 16 Exceptions and Templates....3126

Topics....3126

16.1 Exceptions....3127

Throwing an Exception....3129

Handling an Exception....3131

What if an Exception Is Not Caught?....3139

Object-Oriented Exception Handling with Classes....3140

Multiple Exceptions....3152

Using Exception Handlers to Recover from Errors....3165

Extracting Data from the Exception Class....3171

Unwinding the Stack....3185

Rethrowing an Exception....3186

Handling the bad_alloc Exception....3189

Checkpoint....3192

16.2 Function Templates....3193

Introduction....3194

Using Operators in Function Templates....3207

Function Templates with Multiple Types....3208

Overloading with Function Templates....3212

16.3 Focus on Software Engineering: Where to Start When Defining Templates....3216

Checkpoint....3217

16.4 Class Templates....3218

Defining Objects of the Class Template....3229

Class Templates and Inheritance....3235

Specialized Templates....3245

Checkpoint....3246

Review Questions and Exercises....3248

Short Answer....3248

Fill-in-the-Blank....3249

Algorithm Workbench....3250

True or False....3251

Find the Error....3252

Programming Challenges....3254

Chapter 17 The Standard Template Library....3258

Topics....3258

17.1 Introduction to the Standard Template Library....3259

17.2 STL Container and Iterator Fundamentals....3261

Containers....3262

Introduction to the array Class....3265

Iterators....3271

Defining an Iterator....3274

Getting an Iterator from a Container Object....3275

Using auto to Define an Iterator....3281

Mutable Iterators and const_iterators....3285

Reverse Iterators....3287

Checkpoint....3289

17.3 The vector Class....3290

Review of Basic vector Operations....3293

Using an Iterator with a vector....3299

Inserting New Elements into a vector....3301

Storing Objects of Your Own Classes as Values in a vector....3308

Inserting Elements with the emplace()and emplace_back()Member Functions....3318

The capacity(), max_size(), shrink_to_fit(), and reserve() Member Functions....3326

Checkpoint....3328

17.4 The map, multimap, and unordered_map Classes....3329

The map Class....3331

Initializing a Map....3334

Adding Elements to an Existing Map....3336

Adding Elements with the insert() Member Function....3338

Adding Elements with the emplace() Member Function....3340

Retrieving Values from a Map....3341

Deleting Elements....3343

Iterating Over a Map with the Range-Based for Loop....3344

Using an Iterator with a Map....3346

Storing vectors as Values in a map....3353

Storing Objects of Your Own Classes as Values in a map....3362

Using an Object of Your Own Class as a Key....3378

The unordered_map Class....3388

The multimap Class....3390

Adding Elements to a multimap....3396

Getting the Number of Elements with a Specified Key....3398

Retrieving the Elements with a Specified Key....3401

Deleting Elements from a multimap....3407

The unordered_multimap Class....3408

Checkpoint....3410

17.5 The set, multiset, and unordered_set Classes....3411

Adding Elements to an Existing set....3415

Iterating Over a set with the Range-Based for Loop....3417

Using an Iterator with a set....3418

Determining Whether a Value Exists in a set....3420

Storing Objects of Your Own Classes in a set....3422

The multiset Class....3427

The unordered_set and unordered_multiset Classes....3428

Checkpoint....3429

17.6 Algorithms....3430

Sorting and Searching Algorithms....3433

Detecting Permutations....3443

Plugging Your Own Functions into an Algorithm....3450

Using the STL to Perform Set Operations....3460

Finding the Union of Sets with the set_union Function....3462

Finding the Intersection of Sets with the set_intersection Function....3468

Finding the Difference of Sets with the set_difference Function....3473

Finding the Symmetric Difference of Sets with the set_symmetric_difference Function....3478

Finding Subsets....3483

17.7 Introduction to Function Objects and Lambda Expressions....3502

Constructing an Anonymous Function Object....3511

Predicate Terminology....3513

Lambda Expressions....3514

Functional Classes in the STL....3521

Checkpoint....3526

Review Questions and Exercises....3527

Short Answer....3528

Fill-in-the-Blank....3530

True or False....3532

Algorithm Workbench....3534

Find the Errors....3537

Programming Challenges....3539

Chapter 18 Linked Lists....3546

Topics....3546

18.1 Introduction to the Linked List ADT....3547

Advantages of Linked Lists over Arrays and vectors....3548

The Composition of a Linked List....3549

Declarations....3551

Checkpoint....3552

18.2 Linked List Operations....3553

Appending a Node to the List....3557

Traversing a Linked List....3571

Inserting a Node....3575

Checkpoint....3585

Deleting a Node....3586

Destroying the List....3595

Checkpoint....3597

18.3 A Linked List Template....3598

Using a Class Node Type....3615

18.4 Variations of the Linked List....3631

18.5 The STL list and forward_list Containers....3633

The list Container....3635

The forward_list Container....3641

Review Questions and Exercises....3642

Short Answer....3642

Fill-in-the-Blank....3643

Algorithm Workbench....3644

True or False....3645

Find the Errors....3646

Programming Challenges....3649

Chapter 19 Stacks and Queues....3654

Topics....3654

19.1 Introduction to the Stack ADT....3655

Definition....3656

Applications of Stacks....3657

Static and Dynamic Stacks....3657

Stack Operations....3658

A Static Stack Class....3660

Implementing Other Stack Operations....3679

A Static Stack Template....3689

19.2 Dynamic Stacks....3709

A Dynamic Stack Template....3725

19.3 The STL stack Container....3741

Checkpoint....3748

19.4 Introduction to the Queue ADT....3749

Definition....3749

Application of Queues....3750

Static and Dynamic Queues....3750

Queue Operations....3751

Detecting Full and Empty Queues with Circular Arrays....3757

A Static Queue Class....3758

A Static Queue Template....3773

19.5 Dynamic Queues....3786

A Dynamic Queue Template....3800

19.6 The STL deque and queue Containers....3811

The deque Container....3812

The queue Container Adapter....3817

Review Questions and Exercises....3821

Short Answer....3821

Fill-in-the-Blank....3822

Algorithm Workbench....3823

True or False....3826

Programming Challenges....3827

Chapter 20 Recursion....3832

Topics....3833

20.1 Introduction to Recursion....3834

20.2 Solving Problems with Recursion....3847

Example: Using Recursion to Calculate the Factorial of a Number....3850

Example: Using Recursion to Count Characters....3859

Direct and Indirect Recursion....3868

Checkpoint....3869

20.3 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: The Recursive gcd Function....3870

20.4 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: Solving Recursively Defined Problems....3874

20.5 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: Recursive Linked List Operations....3879

Counting the Nodes in the List....3883

Displaying List Nodes in Reverse Order....3887

20.6 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Recursive Binary Search Function....3892

20.7 The Towers of Hanoi....3900

20.8 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: The QuickSort Algorithm....3910

20.9 Exhaustive Algorithms....3922

20.10 Focus on Software Engineering: Recursion versus Iteration....3932

Review Questions and Exercises....3934

Short Answer....3934

Fill-in-the-Blank....3935

Algorithm Workbench....3935

Predict the Output....3936

Programming Challenges....3939

Chapter 21 Binary Trees....3943

Topics....3943

21.1 Definition and Applications of Binary Trees....3944

Applications of Binary Trees....3947

Checkpoint....3951

21.2 Binary Search Tree Operations....3952

Creating a Binary Trees....3953

Inserting a Node....3958

Traversing the Tree....3966

Searching the Tree....3975

Deleting a Node....3979

Checkpoint....4003

21.3 Template Considerations for Binary Search Trees....4004

Review Questions and Exercises....4021

Short Answer....4021

Fill-in-the-Blank....4022

Algorithm Workbench....4023

True or False....4024

Programming Challenges....4025

Appendix A The ASCII Character Set....4029

Appendix B Operator Precedence and Associativity....4030

C++ Quick Reference....4031

Index....4034

Symbols....4035

A....4038

B....4043

C....4046

D....4056

E....4061

F....4066

G....4073

H....4074

I....4076

J....4081

K....4082

L....4083

M....4088

N....4092

O....4094

P....4099

Q....4104

R....4105

S....4109

T....4118

U....4121

V....4123

W....4126

Z....4127

Credits....4128

For two-semester courses in the C++ programming sequence, or an accelerated one-semester course.

A clear and student-friendly way to teach the fundamentals of C++

Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objectscovers control structures, functions, arrays, and pointers before objects and classes in Tony Gaddis’s hallmark accessible, step-by-step presentation. His books help beginning students understand the important details necessary to become skilled programmers at an introductory level. Gaddis motivates the study of both programming skills and the C++ programming language by presenting all the details needed to understand the “how” and the “why”–but never losing sight of the fact that most beginners struggle with this material. His approach is gradual and highly accessible, ensuring that students understand the logic behind developing high-quality programs. As with all Gaddis texts, clear and easy-to-read code listings, concise and practical real-world examples, and an abundance of exercises appear in every chapter. Updates to the 9th Edition include revised, improved problems throughout and a new chapter featuring completely rewritten and expanded material on the Standard Template Library (STL).

Also Available with MyLab Programming.

MyLabTM Programming is an online learning system designed to engage students and improve results. MyLab Programming consists of programming exercises correlated to the concepts and objectives in this book. Through practice exercises and immediate, personalized feedback, MyLab Programming improves the programming competence of beginning students who often struggle with the basic concepts of programming languages.