Modern C Programming: Including Standards C99, C11, C17, C23

Preface....6

C99 Standard....7

C11 Standard....8

C17 Standard....8

C23 Standard....8

Contents....10

Chapter 1: Representation of Numbers and Characters in Computer....16

1.1 Number Bases....16

1.1.1 Decimal Numbers....16

1.1.2 Binary Numbers....16

1.1.3 Octal Numbers....17

1.1.4 Hexadecimal Numbers....17

1.2 Conversion Between Bases....18

1.2.1 Binary to Decimal Conversion....18

1.2.2 Binary to Octal Conversion....18

1.2.3 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion....19

1.2.4 Decimal to Binary Conversion....20

1.2.5 Octal to Binary Conversion....21

1.2.6 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion....21

1.2.7 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion....22

1.3 Positive Integers....23

1.4 Two´s Complement Form....23

1.5 Negative Integers....25

1.6 Registers....26

1.7 Memory Units....27

1.8 How Are the Integers Stored in Computer Memory, Big-Endian, and Little-Endian?....27

Chapter 2: Data Types and Operators....29

2.1 How to Start Writing a C Program?....29

2.2 Comments in C Programming....31

2.3 The First C Program....31

2.4 Variables and Data Types....33

2.5 Binary Number Representation in Modern C....35

2.6 sizeof Operator in C....36

2.7 Unsigned Char Data Type....37

2.8 Left and Right Shift Operators in C....39

2.9 Integer Data Type....40

2.10 Hexadecimal and Octal Numbers....42

2.11 How Are Integers Stored in Computer Memory?....43

2.11.1 Short Integer Data Type....44

2.12 Why Do We Have Both Integer and Short Integer Data Types?....45

2.13 Long Integer and Long-Long Integer Data Types....46

2.14 Unsigned Integer Data Type....48

2.15 Floating-Point Number in C....53

2.15.1 IEEE 754 Floating-Point Standard (Single Precision)....53

2.16 Keyboard Input Using scanf in C....55

2.17 Operators in C Programming....57

2.17.1 Arithmetic Operators....57

2.17.1.1 Division of Integer Numbers....59

2.17.1.2 Multiplication of Integer Numbers....59

2.17.2 Remainder Operator %....60

2.17.3 Augmented Assignment Operators....61

2.17.4 Logical Operators....61

2.17.5 Bitwise Operators in C....64

2.17.6 Increment and Decrement Operators....74

2.18 Operator Precedence....76

Chapter 3: Type Conversion in C....81

3.1 Type Conversion Methods....81

3.1.1 Implicit Conversion....81

3.1.2 Explicit Conversion....84

3.2 Information Loss When a Higher-Order Data Is Converted to a Lower-Order Data....87

3.3 Information Loss When Conversion Is Performed Between Signed and Unsigned Data Types....88

Chapter 4: Structures....91

4.1 Introduction....91

4.2 Initialization of Structure Elements....92

4.3 Initialization Using Designated Initializer List....93

4.4 Typedef for Structures....97

4.4.1 Alternative Use of for Structures....99

4.5 Nested Structures....100

4.6 Structure Copying....102

4.7 Structures with Self-Referential....103

4.8 Bit Fields....105

4.9 Structures as Function Arguments....106

4.10 Structure Padding and Packing in C Programming....107

4.11 Unions....108

Chapter 5: Conditional Statements....112

5.1 Conditional Structure....112

5.2 Conditional Ladder Structure (-If Ladder)....117

5.3 Multiconditional Structures....120

5.4 Syntax of Nested If-Else....123

5.5 Conditional Operator in C....125

5.6 switch Statement....129

Chapter 6: Loop Statements....137

6.1 The For-Loop....137

6.1.1 Nested For-Loop....150

6.2 The While-Loop....152

6.2.1 Nested While-Loop....156

6.3 The Do-While Loop....159

6.4 Continue Statement....160

6.5 Break Statement....162

Chapter 7: Complex Numbers in Modern C Programming....169

7.1 How to Define a Complex Number....169

7.2 Complex Operations....170

7.3 Calculation of Absolute Value (Norm, Modulus, or Magnitude) of a Complex Number....173

7.4 Complex Number Formation....173

7.5 Calculation of the Conjugate of a Complex Number in C....174

7.6 Calculation of the Argument, That Is, Phase Angle, of a Complex Number in C....176

7.7 Calculation of Complex Exponentials....176

7.8 Computation of the Complex Natural (Base-e) Logarithm of a Complex Number....177

7.9 Complex Power Calculation....178

7.10 Square Root of a Complex Number....179

7.11 Complex Trigonometric Functions....180

7.11.1 The csin Functions....180

7.11.2 The ccos Functions....180

7.11.3 The ctan Functions....181

7.11.4 The cacos Functions....182

7.11.5 The casin Functions....182

7.11.6 The catan Functions....183

7.11.7 Hyperbolic Functions....184

Chapter 8: Arrays....186

8.1 Syntax for Array Declaration....186

8.2 Accessing Array Elements....186

8.3 Array Initialization Without Size....188

8.4 Array Initialization Using Loops....190

8.5 Strings as Array of Characters....195

8.6 Multidimensional Arrays....196

8.7 Passing an Array to a Function in C....200

Chapter 9: Functions....203

9.1 Introduction....203

9.2 Types of Functions....207

9.3 Passing Parameters to Functions....208

9.4 Returning More Than One Value....210

9.5 Recursive Functions....212

9.6 Nested Functions....215

Chapter 10: Pointers....217

10.1 Definition....217

10.2 Address of a Variable....217

10.3 NULL Pointer....225

10.4 Void Pointer....225

10.5 Types of Pointers....231

10.5.1 Pointer to a Constant Value....231

10.5.2 Pointer to a Constant Address (Constant Pointer)....233

10.5.3 Constant Pointer to a Constant Value....234

10.6 Function Pointers....234

10.6.1 Functions Returning Pointers....238

10.7 Pointers and Arrays....240

10.8 Multiple Pointers....247

10.9 Heap Stack and Code Memories....249

10.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation....250

10.10.1 malloc() Function....251

10.10.2 calloc() Function....255

10.10.3 free() Function....256

10.10.4 realloc() Function....257

10.11 Memory Functions....258

10.11.1 Memset Function....258

10.11.2 Memcpy Function....259

10.11.3 Memmove Function....260

10.11.4 Memcmp Function....261

Chapter 11: Directives and Macros in C....268

11.1 Introduction....268

11.2 Preprocessor Directives as Macros....268

11.3 Macros as Functions....270

11.4 Multiline Macros....271

11.5 Directives Used for File Inclusion....274

11.6 Predefined Macros....276

11.7 Conditional Compilation....279

11.8 Concatenation Operator ##....283

Chapter 12: Type Qualifiers, Enumerations, and Storage Classes in C....286

12.1 Type Qualifiers in C....286

12.1.1 Const....286

12.1.2 Restrict....288

12.1.3 Volatile....288

12.2 Storage Classes in C....289

12.2.1 Auto....289

12.2.2 Extern....289

12.2.3 Static....292

12.2.4 Register....293

Chapter 13: Integer with Exactly N Bits....297

13.1 General Form of Fixed Width Integers....297

13.2 Macros for printf and scanf....297

13.3 uintN_t....301

13.4 int_leastN_t....303

13.5 uint_leastN_t....304

13.6 int_fastN_t....304

13.7 uint_fastN_t....305

13.8 Macros for printf....306

13.9 Macros for scanf....306

Chapter 14: Signals in C....310

14.1 Introduction....310

14.2 Signal Handling....311

14.3 SIGINT....311

14.4 SIGQUIT....315

14.5 Artificial Signal Generation....317

14.6 Some of the Most Used Signals....318

Chapter 15: Threads in C....320

15.1 Introduction....320

15.2 Thread Creation....320

15.3 Parallel Processing Using Threads....321

15.4 pthread_exit() Function....328

15.5 pthread_join() Function....330

15.6 pthread_self() Function....336

15.7 pthread_equal() Function....337

15.8 pthread_cancel() Function....338

15.9 pthread_detach() Function....338

15.10 Synchronizing Threads with Mutexes....339

Chapter 16: Atomic Data Types....349

16.1 How to Define an Atomic Data Type?....349

16.2 Atomic Integer Types....350

16.3 Atomic Pointers....352

16.4 Race Prevention by Atomic Variables....353

16.5 Lock-Free Atomic Types....358

16.6 Atomic Assignments, Operators, and Functions....359

16.7 Atomic Functions....360

16.7.1 atomic_is_lock_free() Function....360

16.7.2 atomic_fetch_key() Function....360

16.7.3 atomic_store() Function....363

16.7.4 atomic_load() Function....364

16.7.5 atomic_exchange() Function....365

16.7.6 Comparison Functions....366

16.7.7 atomic_flag Macro....368

16.7.8 atomic_init() Function....369

16.8 Memory Order in C....370

16.8.1 Acquire, Release, and Consume....370

16.8.2 Memory Order....371

16.8.3 Atomic Functions with Memory Order....373

Chapter 17: File Operations in C....375

17.1 File Types....375

17.2 File Operations....375

17.2.1 Opening a File....375

17.2.2 Closing a File....376

17.2.3 Reading and Writing of a Text File....377

17.2.3.1 Writing to a Text File....377

17.2.3.2 Reading a Text File....381

17.2.4 Reading and Writing of a Binary File....385

17.2.4.1 Writing to Binary Files....386

17.2.4.2 Reading Binary Files....387

Bibliography....393

Index....394

This book provides comprehensive detail about modern C programming, including the standards C99, C11, C17, C23, reflecting recent updates. The book features a number of targeted examples, atomic data types, and threads. After covering the standards of C, the author explains data types, operators, loops, conditional statements, functions, pointers, and more. The book is intended primarily for electrical and hardware engineers looking to use or update their knowledge of modern C programming.