Encyclopedia of Database Systems. 2 Ed

Preface to the Second Edition....5

Preface to the First Edition....7

List of Topics....9

About the Editors....29

Advisory Board....31

Area Editors....39

List of Contributors....66

A....108

Absolute Time....108

Definition....108

Key Points....108

Cross-References....108

Recommended Reading....108

Abstract Versus Concrete Temporal Query Languages....109

Synonyms....109

Definition....109

Historical Background....109

Foundations....109

Abstract Temporal Query Languages....110

Multiple Temporal Dimensions and Complex Values....111

Concrete Temporal Query Languages....111

Compilation and Query Evaluation....112

Key Applications....113

Cross-References....113

Recommended Reading....114

Abstraction....114

Synonyms....114

Definition....114

Key Points....114

Cross-References....116

Recommended Reading....116

Access Control....116

Synonyms....116

Definition....116

Historical Background....116

Foundations....117

Key Applications....119

Future Directions....119

Cross-References....120

Recommended Reading....120

Access Control Administration Policies....121

Synonyms....121

Definition....121

Historical Background....121

Foundations....121

Key Applications....124

Cross-References....124

Recommended Reading....124

Access Control Policy Languages....124

Synonyms....124

Definition....124

Historical Background....125

Foundations....125

Key Applications....127

Future Directions....128

URL to Code....128

Cross-References....129

Recommended Reading....129

Access Path....129

Synonyms....129

Definition....129

Key Points....129

Cross-References....130

Recommended Reading....130

ACID Properties....130

Synonyms....130

Definition....130

Key Points....130

Cross-References....132

Recommended Reading....132

Active Database Coupling Modes....132

Definition....132

Historical Background....132

Foundations....132

Cross-References....133

Recommended Reading....134

Active Database Execution Model....134

Definition....134

Key Points....134

Cross-References....135

Recommended Reading....135

Active Database Knowledge Model....135

Definition....135

Key Points....135

Cross-References....136

Recommended Reading....136

Active Database Management System Architecture....136

Synonyms....136

Definition....136

Historical Background....136

Foundations....139

Key Applications....140

Future Directions....140

Cross-References....141

Recommended Reading....141

Active Database Rulebase....142

Definition....142

Key Points....142

Cross-References....142

Active Database, Active Database (Management) System....142

Definition....142

Historical Background....142

Foundations....143

Key Applications....143

Future Directions....143

Cross-References....144

Recommended Reading....144

Active Storage....144

Synonyms....144

Definition....145

Key Points....145

Cross-References....145

Recommended Reading....145

Active XML....145

Synonyms....145

Definition....146

Historical Background....146

Foundations....146

Key Applications....148

Cross-References....148

Recommended Reading....148

Active, Real-Time, and Intellective Data Warehousing....148

Synonyms....148

Definition....149

Historical Background....149

Foundations....151

Enabling Active Data Warehousing....151

Enabling Real-Time Data Warehousing....152

Key Applications....153

Future Directions....154

Cross-References....156

Recommended Reading....156

Activity....157

Synonyms....157

Definition....157

Key Points....157

Cross-References....158

Activity Diagrams....158

Synonyms....158

Definition....158

Historical Background....158

Scientific Fundamentals....159

Key Applications....162

Cross-References....162

Recommended Reading....162

Actors/Agents/Roles....163

Synonyms....163

Definition....163

Key Points....163

Cross-References....163

Adaptive Interfaces....163

Synonyms....163

Definition....163

Key Points....163

Cross-References....164

Adaptive Middleware for Message Queuing Systems....164

Synonyms....164

Definition....164

Historical Background....164

Foundations....165

Clustered Queues....165

Clustered Queue Performance....165

Provisioning....167

Control Rules for a Self-Optimizing Clustered Queue....167

Key Applications....168

Cross-References....168

Recommended Reading....168

Adaptive Query Processing....168

Synonyms....168

Definition....168

Key Points....168

Cross-References....169

Recommended Reading....170

Adaptive Stream Processing....170

Synonyms....170

Definition....170

Historical Background....170

Foundations....170

Minimizing Computation Cost....171

Eddies....171

Managing Resource Consumption....172

Load Shedding....172

Memory Minimization....173

Minimizing Communication....174

Key Applications....174

Future Directions....174

Cross-References....174

Recommended Reading....174

Administration Model for RBAC....175

Synonyms....175

Definition....175

Administrative RBAC....175

Scoped Administrative RBAC....175

Key Points....176

SARBAC....176

Cross-References....176

Recommended Reading....176

Administration Wizards....176

Definition....176

Historical Background....177

Foundations....177

Installation and Configuration....177

Data Import/Export....177

Back-Up/Restore....177

Key Applications....177

Recommended Reading....177

Advanced Information Retrieval Measures....177

Definition....177

Historical Background....178

More Graded Relevance Measures....178

Diversified Search Measures....178

Beyond Document Retrieval: Beyond Single Queries....178

Evaluating Evaluation Measures....179

Scientific Fundamentals....179

Key Applications....180

Future Directions....180

Data Sets....180

Cross-References....180

Recommended Reading....180

Aggregation: Expressiveness and Containment....181

Definition....181

Historical Background....181

Foundations....182

Expressiveness....182

Query Containment....183

Key Applications....185

Query Optimization....185

Query Rewriting....185

Future Directions....185

Cross-References....185

Recommended Reading....185

Aggregation-Based Structured Text Retrieval....186

Definition....186

Historical Background....186

Foundations....188

Aggregation-Based Approaches....191

Key Applications....193

Experimental Results....193

Data Sets....193

URL to Code....193

Cross-References....194

Recommended Reading....194

Air Indexes for Spatial Databases....194

Definition....194

Historical Background....195

Foundations....196

Key Applications....200

Location-Based Service....200

Moving Objects Monitoring....201

Cross-References....201

Recommended Reading....201

AJAX....201

Definition....201

Key Points....202

Cross-References....202

Recommended Reading....202

Allen's Relations....202

Synonyms....202

Definition....203

Key Points....203

Cross-References....204

Recommended Reading....204

α-nDCG....204

Synonyms....204

Definition....204

Main Text....204

Cross-References....205

AMOSQL....205

Definition....205

Key Points....205

Cross-References....205

Recommended Reading....206

AMS Sketch....206

Synonyms....206

Definition....206

Historical Background....206

Foundations....206

Problem Setup....206

Main Idea....207

Improving the Basic Schema....208

Key Applications....208

Experimental Results....208

URL to Code....209

Cross-References....209

Recommended Reading....209

Anchor Text....209

Synonyms....209

Definition....210

Key Points....210

Cross-References....210

Recommended Reading....210

Annotation....210

Definition....210

Key Points....210

Cross-References....211

Recommended Reading....211

Annotation-Based Image Retrieval....211

Synonyms....211

Definition....211

Historical Background....212

Foundations....212

Machine Learning Approaches....212

Relation Exploring Approaches....212

Semantic Template Approaches....213

Large-Scale Web Data-Supported Approaches....213

Key Applications....214

Cross-References....214

Recommended Readings....215

Anomaly Detection on Streams....215

Definition....215

Historical Background....215

Foundations....216

Outlier Detection....216

Clustering-Based and Forecasting-Based Approaches....216

Distribution-Based Approaches....216

Distance-Based and Density-Based Approaches....216

Change Detection....216

Streaming Algorithms....216

Sketching Techniques....217

Burst Detection....217

Correlation Analysis....217

Change Analysis....217

Key Applications....217

Intrusion Detection....217

System Monitoring....217

Process Control....217

Pervasive Healthcare....218

Civil Infrastructure....218

Future Directions....218

Cross-References....218

Recommended Reading....218

Anonymity....218

Synonyms....218

Definition....219

Key Points....219

Cross-References....219

Recommended Reading....219

ANSI/INCITS RBAC Standard....219

Synonyms....219

Definition....220

Key Points....221

Cross-References....221

Recommended Reading....221

Answering Queries Using Views....221

Synonyms....221

Definition....221

Historical Background....222

Foundations....222

Preliminaries....222

Conjunctive Queries....222

Views....222

Containment & Equivalence....222

Rewritings....223

Characterizing Rewritings....224

Techniques for Answering Queries Using Views....224

The Bucket Algorithm....224

The Inverse Rules Algorithm....225

The MiniCon Algorithm....225

Chase and Backchase....226

Key Applications....226

Future Directions....227

Cross-References....227

Recommended Reading....227

Anti-monotone Constraints....228

Synonyms....228

Definition....228

Key Points....228

Cross-References....228

Recommended Reading....228

Applicability Period....228

Definition....228

Key Points....229

Cross-References....229

Recommended Reading....229

Application Benchmark....229

Synonyms....229

Definition....229

Key Points....229

Cross-References....230

Recommended Reading....230

Application Recovery....230

Synonyms....230

Definition....230

Historical Background....230

Foundations....231

Introduction....231

Persisting Application State....231

Distributed Applications....232

Discussion....234

Key Applications....234

Cross-References....235

Recommended Reading....235

Application Server....235

Synonyms....235

Definition....235

Key Points....235

Cross-References....236

Recommended Reading....236

Application-Level Tuning....236

Synonyms....236

Definition....236

Historical Background....236

Foundations....236

Assemble Object Collections in Bulk....236

The Art of Insertion....237

Key Applications....238

Experimental Results....238

Looping Hurts....238

Url to Code and Data Sets....238

Cross-References....238

Recommended Reading....238

Applications of Emerging Patterns for Microarray Gene Expression Data Analysis....238

Definition....238

Key Points....239

Cross-References....239

Recommended Reading....239

Applications of Sensor Network Data Management....239

Synonyms....239

Definition....239

Historical Background....240

Foundations....240

Sensor Databases....240

Sensor Database Distinctions....240

Key Applications....241

Environmental Monitoring....241

Military Intelligence....241

Asset Management....242

Building Monitoring....242

Automotive....242

Healthcare....242

Industrial Monitoring....242

Future Directions....243

Data Sets....243

Cross-References....243

Recommended Reading....243

Approximate Queries in Peer-to-Peer Systems....244

Synonyms....244

Definition....244

Historical Background....244

Foundations....244

Approximation for Top-k Queries....244

Unstructured Networks....244

Hierarchical Networks....245

Structured Networks....245

Approximation for Aggregate Queries....245

Key Applications....246

Cross-References....246

Recommended Reading....246

Approximate Query Processing....246

Synonyms....246

Definition....247

Historical Background....247

Foundations....247

Pre-computed Synopsis....249

Online Query Processing....252

Key Applications....252

AQP in Relational Data Management....252

AQP in Spatial Data Management....252

AQP in Stream Data Management....252

AQP in Sensor Network....252

AQP in Semantic Web Search....253

Cross-References....253

Recommended Reading....253

Approximate Reasoning....253

Definition....253

Key Points....254

Cross-References....254

Recommended Reading....254

Approximation of Frequent Itemsets....254

Synonyms....254

Definition....254

Historical Background....254

Foundations....255

Noise-Tolerant Support Pruning....255

Experimental Results....257

Application....257

Cross-References....258

Recommended Reading....258

Apriori Property and Breadth-First Search Algorithms....259

Synonyms....259

Definition....259

Historical Background....259

Foundations....259

The Apriori Algorithm....260

Optimizations....260

Item Reordering....261

Partition....261

Sampling....261

Concise Representations....261

Key Applications....261

Experimental Results....262

Cross-References....262

Recommended Reading....262

Architecture-Conscious Database System....262

Synonyms....262

Definition....263

Historical Background....263

Foundations....263

Persistent Storage....263

Main Memory and Cache Optimizations....264

Microarchitecture Optimizations....264

On-Chip Parallelism....266

Key Applications....267

Future Directions....267

Cross-References....267

Recommended Reading....267

Archiving Experimental Data....268

Synonyms....268

Definition....268

Historical Background....268

Foundations....269

Key Applications....270

Future Directions....271

Cross-References....271

Recommended Reading....271

Armstrong Axioms....272

Definition....272

Key Points....272

Cross-References....272

Recommended Reading....272

Array Databases....272

Synonyms....272

Definition....272

Historical Background....272

Scientific Fundamentals....275

Algebraic Modeling....275

Array Query Languages....276

Physical Modeling....277

Query Evaluation....278

Query Optimization....278

Architecture....279

Key Applications....280

Earth Sciences....280

Life Science....280

Future Directions....281

Experimental Results....282

URL to Code....282

Cross-References....282

Recommended Reading....283

Association Rule Mining on Streams....284

Definition....284

Historical Background....284

Foundations....284

Two Subproblems....284

Key Challenges....285

Data Models....285

Algorithm Types....285

Representative Algorithms....286

Key Applications....287

Experimental Results....287

Data Sets....287

Cross-References....288

Recommended Reading....288

Association Rules....289

Definition....289

Historical Background....289

Foundations....289

Key Applications....290

Cross-References....290

Recommended Reading....290

Asymmetric Encryption....291

Synonyms....291

Definition....291

Key Points....291

Cross-References....291

Recommended Reading....292

Atelic Data....292

Synonyms....292

Definition....292

Key Points....292

Cross-References....293

Recommended Reading....293

Atomic Event....293

Synonyms....293

Definition....293

Key Points....293

Cross-References....293

Atomicity....293

Definition....293

Historical Background....294

Foundations....294

Future Directions....295

Cross-References....296

Recommended Reading....296

Audio....296

Synonyms....296

Definition....296

Historical Background....297

Foundations....297

Digital Audio....297

Audio Coding and Compression....297

Audio Content Analysis....298

Audio Retrieval....298

Key Applications....298

Cross-References....298

Recommended Reading....298

Audio Classification....299

Synonyms....299

Definition....299

Historical Background....299

Foundations....299

Key Audio Effect Detection....300

Classifier Learning....301

Probabilistic Inference....302

From Key Audio Effects to a Hierarchy of Semantic Concepts....303

Key Applications....305

Cross-References....305

Recommended Reading....305

Audio Content Analysis....305

Synonyms....305

Definition....306

Historical Background....306

Foundations....306

Key Applications....307

Cross-References....307

Recommended Reading....307

Audio Metadata....308

Synonyms....308

Definition....308

Historical Background....308

Foundations....310

Key Applications....312

Cross-References....312

Recommended Reading....312

Audio Representation....312

Synonyms....312

Definition....312

Historical Background....313

Foundations....313

Zero-Crossing Rate....313

Short Time Energy....314

Sub-band Energy Distribution....315

Brightness and Bandwidth....315

Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC)....315

Sub-band Partial Prominence and Harmonicity Prominence....315

High ZCR Ratio....316

Low Short-Time Energy Ratio....317

Spectrum Flux....318

Noise Frame Ratio....318

Feature Vector Generation....318

Key Applications....319

Cross-References....319

Recommended Reading....319

Audio Segmentation....320

Synonyms....320

Definition....320

Historical Background....320

Foundations....320

Audio Elements Detection and Weighting....321

Auditory Scene Segmentation....322

Key Applications....325

Cross-References....325

Recommended Reading....325

Auditing and Forensic Analysis....325

Synonyms....325

Definition....325

Historical Background....326

Foundations....326

Database Auditing....326

Database Forensics....328

Key Applications....330

Future Directions....330

Cross-References....330

Recommended Reading....330

Authentication....331

Definition....331

Historical Background....331

Foundations....331

Identification....331

Password-Based Authentication....332

Challenge-Response Identification....333

Data Origin Authentication....334

Key Applications....334

Cross-References....335

Recommended Reading....335

Automatic Image Annotation....335

Synonyms....335

Definition....335

Historical Background....335

Foundations....336

Images Description with Low-Level Features....337

Learning and Models....338

Current Results....341

Key Issues and Future Research....342

Key Applications....342

Cross-References....342

Recommended Reading....342

Autonomous Replication....343

Synonyms....343

Definition....343

Historical Background....343

Scientific Fundamentals....343

Common Architecture for Database Replica Provisioning....344

Overview of Dynamic Provisioning Solutions....345

Challenges for Database Replica Provisioning....346

Adaptation Delay....346

Oscillations in Allocation....346

Design Choices and Trade-Offs for Database Provisioning....346

Performance Modeling for Resource Allocation....347

Key Applications....347

Recommended Reading....347

Average Precision....348

Definition....348

Key Points....349

Cross-References....349

Average Precision at n....349

Synonyms....349

Definition....349

Key Points....349

Cross-References....350

Recommended Reading....350

Average Precision Histogram....350

Definition....350

Key Points....350

Cross-References....351

Recommended Reading....351

Average R-Precision....351

Definition....351

Key Points....351

Cross-References....352

Recommended Reading....352

B....353

B+-Tree....353

Synonyms....353

Definition....353

Historical Background....353

Foundations....353

Structure....353

Query Processing....354

Insertion....354

Deletion....355

Comparison with Some Other Index Structures....356

Key Applications....356

Future Directions....356

Cross-References....356

Recommended Reading....357

Backup and Restore....357

Synonyms....357

Definition....357

Key Points....357

Cross-References....357

Bag Semantics....358

Synonyms....358

Definition....358

Historical Background....358

Foundations....359

Key Applications....363

Future Directions....363

Recommended Reading....364

Bagging....364

Synonyms....364

Definition....364

Historical Background....365

Foundations....365

Key Applications....367

Future Directions....367

Cross-References....368

Recommended Reading....368

Bayesian Classification....369

Synonyms....369

Definition....369

Historical Background....369

Foundations....369

Key Applications....371

Text Document Classification....371

Image Pattern Recognition....371

Medical Diagnostic and Decision Support Systems....371

Email Spam Filtering....371

Data Sets....372

URL to Code....372

Cross-References....373

References....373

Benchmark Frameworks....373

Definition....373

URL to Code and Data Sets....374

Recommended Reading....374

Big Data Platforms for Data Analytics....374

Synonyms....374

Definition....374

Historical Background....374

Parallel Databases....374

Scalable Data Processing....375

Convergence....375

Scientific Fundamentals....375

System Layers....375

Influential Systems....376

Key Applications....378

Cross-References....378

Recommended Reading....378

Big Stream Systems....379

Synonyms....379

Definition....379

Historical Background....379

Scientific Fundamentals....380

Hadoop Online Prototype....380

Apache S4....380

Apache Storm....381

Spark Streaming....382

Key Applications....383

Cross-References....383

Recommended Reading....383

Biological Metadata Management....383

Definition....383

Historical Background....383

Foundations....384

Key Applications....386

Future Directions....387

Data Sets....387

URL to Code....388

Cross-References....388

Recommended Reading....388

Biological Networks....389

Synonyms....389

Definition....389

Key Points....389

Cross-References....389

Recommended Reading....389

Biological Resource Discovery....389

Definition....389

Historical Background....390

Foundations....390

Key Applications....391

Future Directions....392

Data Sets....392

URL to Code....392

Cross-References....393

Recommended Reading....393

Biological Sequences....393

Synonyms....393

Definition....393

Key Points....393

Cross-References....394

Recommended Reading....394

Biomedical Data/Content Acquisition, Curation....394

Synonyms....394

Definition....394

Historical Background....394

Foundations....395

Technical Issues....396

The Different Types of Expressivity of Ontologies/Vocabularies Used to Create the Annotations....396

Storage Schemes and Data Models to Store These Annotations in Underlying Databases....396

Techniques for Indexing the Curated Annotation for Retrieval....397

Workflow Aspects of the Curation Process....397

Key Applications....397

Future Directions....398

Cross-References....398

Recommended Reading....398

Biomedical Image Data Types and Processing....399

Synonyms....399

Definition....399

Historical Background....400

Foundations....400

Key Applications....402

Cross-References....403

Recommended Reading....403

Biomedical Scientific Textual Data Types and Processing....403

Synonyms....403

Definition....403

Historical Background....404

Foundations....405

Information Retrieval....405

Information Extraction....405

Text Mining....406

Key Applications....406

Cross-References....407

Recommended Reading....407

Biostatistics and Data Analysis....407

Definition....407

Historical Background....407

Foundations....408

Key Applications....409

Future Directions....410

Cross-References....410

Recommended Reading....410

Bitemporal Indexing....410

Synonyms....410

Definition....410

Historical Background....411

Foundations....411

Key Applications....414

Cross-References....414

Recommended Reading....415

Bitemporal Interval....415

Definition....415

Key Points....415

Cross-References....415

Recommended Reading....415

Bitemporal Relation....416

Synonyms....416

Definition....416

Key Points....416

Cross-References....416

Recommended Reading....416

Bitmap Index....417

Definition....417

Historical Background....417

Foundations....418

Key Applications....421

Future Directions....421

Cross-References....421

Recommended Reading....421

Bitmap-Based Index Structures....422

Synonyms....422

Definition....422

Historical Background....422

Foundations....422

Bitmap Encoding....422

Query Execution....423

Bitmap Compression....424

Key Applications....424

Cross-References....425

Recommended Reading....425

Blind Signatures....425

Definition....425

Key Points....426

Cross-References....426

Recommended Reading....426

Bloom Filters....426

Synonyms....426

Definition....426

Historical Background....427

Foundations....427

Key Applications....428

Future Directions....428

URL to Code....429

Cross-References....429

Recommended Reading....429

BM25....429

Synonyms....429

Definition....429

Historical Background....430

Foundations....430

Cross-References....431

Recommended Reading....432

Boolean Model....432

Definition....432

Historical Background....432

Foundations....433

Key Applications....436

Cross-References....436

Recommended Reading....437

Boosting....437

Definition....437

Historical Background....437

Foundations....438

Key Applications....440

Future Directions....440

Experimental Results....440

Cross-References....440

Recommended Reading....440

Bootstrap....441

Synonyms....441

Definition....441

Historical Background....441

Foundations....441

Key Applications....441

Cross-References....441

Recommended Reading....442

Boyce-Codd Normal Form....442

Synonyms....442

Definition....442

Key Points....442

Cross-References....442

Recommended Reading....442

BP-Completeness....443

Synonyms....443

Definition....443

Key Points....443

Cross-References....443

Recommended Reading....444

Bpref....444

Definition....444

Key Points....444

Cross-References....444

Recommended Reading....444

Browsing....444

Synonyms....444

Definition....445

Key Points....445

Cross-References....445

Recommended Reading....446

Browsing in Digital Libraries....446

Synonyms....446

Definition....446

Historical Background....446

Foundations....446

Key Applications....447

Future Directions....449

Experimental Results....449

Data Sets....449

Cross-References....449

Recommended Reading....449

B-Tree Locking....451

Synonyms....451

Definition....451

Historical Background....451

Foundations....452

Preliminaries....452

Two Forms of B-Tree Locking....452

Latch Coupling and Blink-Trees....453

Key Range Locking....454

Key Applications....455

Future Directions....455

URL to Code....456

Cross-References....456

Recommended Reading....456

Buffer Management....456

Definition....456

Historical Background....457

Scientific Fundamentals....457

The VM Approach....457

The Predictive Approach....458

The VM Versus the Predictive Approach....461

Key Applications....462

Cross-References....462

Recommended Reading....462

Buffer Manager....463

Synonyms....463

Definition....463

Historical Background....463

Foundations....463

Buffer Pool Interfaces....463

Replacement Policies....464

Asynchronous I/O....464

Concurrency Control and Recovery....464

Cooperative Buffer Pool Management....465

Key Applications....465

Future Directions....465

Cross-References....466

Recommended Reading....466

Buffer Pool....466

Synonyms....466

Definition....466

Historical Background....466

Foundations....467

Buffer Frames....467

Buffer Pool Data Structures....467

Replacement Policies....468

Key Applications....468

Future Directions....468

Cross-References....468

Recommended Reading....468

Business Intelligence....469

Definition....469

Historical Background....469

Scientific Fundamentals....469

Architectures....470

Functions....471

Methodologies....472

Tools....472

Key Applications....473

Future Directions....473

Cross-References....474

Recommended Reading....474

Business Process Execution Language....474

Synonyms....474

Definition....474

Key Points....475

Cross-References....475

Recommended Reading....475

Business Process Management....476

Synonyms....476

Definition....476

Historical Background....476

Foundations....477

Key Applications....479

Banking....479

Government....480

Business-to-Business....480

Health-Care....480

Cross-References....480

Recommended Reading....480

Business Process Modeling....480

Synonyms....480

Definition....480

Historical Background....481

Foundations....482

Scientific Fundamentals....485

Key Applications....486

Future Directions....486

Cross-References....487

Recommended Reading....487

Business Process Modeling Notation....488

Synonyms....488

Definition....488

Key Points....488

Cross-References....488

Recommended Reading....489

Business Process Reengineering....489

Synonyms....489

Definition....489

Historical Background....489

Foundations....490

Traditional Intra-organizational Reengineering....490

Supply Chain Management Process Reengineering....491

Knowledge Management Process Reengineering....492

Process Modeling Languages and Techniques....493

Key Applications....494

Cross-References....494

Recommended Reading....494

C....495

Cache-Conscious Query Processing....495

Synonyms....495

Definition....495

Historical Background....495

Scientific Fundamentals....495

Spatial Locality....496

Temporal Locality....496

Prefetching....497

Avoiding Cache Pollution and TLB Thrashing....498

Sampling....498

Key Applications....498

Future Directions....498

Cross-References....498

Recommended Reading....498

Calendar....499

Definition....499

Key Points....500

Cross-References....500

Recommended Reading....500

Calendric System....500

Definition....500

Key Points....500

Cross-References....501

Recommended Reading....501

CAP Theorem....501

Definition....501

Key Points....501

Recommended Reading....502

Cardinal Direction Relationships....502

Synonyms....502

Definition....502

Historical Background....502

Foundations....502

Key Applications....504

Future Directions....504

Cross-References....505

Recommended Reading....505

Cartesian Product....505

Synonyms....505

Definition....505

Key Points....505

Cross-References....506

Cataloging in Digital Libraries....506

Synonyms....506

Definition....506

Historical Background....506

Foundations....507

Classification....507

Cataloging....508

Key Applications....508

Dublin Core....511

XML....511

METS and MODS....511

Conclusion....511

Cross-References....512

Recommended Reading....512

Causal Consistency....512

Synonyms....512

Definition....513

Key Points....513

Historical Notes....514

Cross-References....514

Recommended Reading....514

Certain (and Possible) Answers....514

Synonyms....514

Definition....514

Key Points....515

Cross-References....516

Recommended Reading....516

Change Detection on Streams....517

Synonyms....517

Definition....517

Historical Background....517

Foundations....517

Regions of Interest....518

Estimating Probabilities....519

Statistical Testing....519

Key Applications....520

Future Directions....521

Cross-References....521

Recommended Reading....521

Channel-Based Publish/Subscribe....521

Synonyms....521

Definition....521

Key Points....521

Cross-References....523

Recommended Reading....523

Chart....523

Synonyms....523

Definition....523

Key Points....523

Cross-References....524

Recommended Reading....524

Chase....524

Definition....524

Comments....524

Historical Background....524

Foundations....525

Key Applications....527

Cross-References....528

Recommended Reading....528

Checksum and Cyclic Redundancy Check Mechanism....529

Synonyms....529

Definition....529

Key Points....529

Cross-References....530

Recommended Reading....530

Choreography....530

Definition....530

Key Points....530

Cross-References....531

Recommended Reading....531

Chronon....531

Synonyms....531

Definition....531

Key Points....531

Cross-References....531

Recommended Reading....531

Citation....531

Synonyms....531

Definition....532

Key Points....532

Cross-References....532

Recommended Reading....532

Classification....532

Synonyms....532

Definition....533

Historical Background....533

Foundations....534

Rules Based on a Single Attribute....534

Statistical Modeling (See Entry Bayesian Classification) ....534

Divide and Conquer Technique (See Entry Decision Tree Classification)....534

Covering Algorithms (See Entry Rule-Based Classification) ....535

Instance-Based Learning (See Entry Nearest Neighbor Classification) ....535

Linear Models (See Entry Linear Regression) ....535

Linear Classification (See Entry Neural Networks)....535

Missing Values....536

Meta-learning....536

Evaluation....536

Key Applications....537

URL to Code....537

Cross-References....537

Recommended Reading....537

Classification by Association Rule Analysis....538

Synonyms....538

Definition....538

Historical Background....538

Foundations....539

Classification Using Class Association Rules....539

Mining Class Association Rules for Classification....540

Classifier Building....540

Class Association Rules as Features....541

Classification Using Normal Association Rules....541

Key Applications....542

Cross-References....543

Recommended Reading....543

Classification in Streams....543

Synonyms....543

Definition....543

Historical Background....544

Foundations....544

Key Applications....545

Cross-References....545

Recommended Reading....545

Client-Server Architecture....545

Definition....545

Historical Background....546

Foundations....546

Key Applications....547

Cross-References....547

Recommended Reading....547

Clinical Data Acquisition, Storage, and Management....548

Synonyms....548

Definition....548

Historical Background....548

Foundations....549

Electronic Data Capture....549

Infrastructure and Standards for Data Exchange....549

Document Models and Management Systems....549

Common Components of Information Systems....550

Text-Oriented Information Systems....550

Key Applications....550

Electronic Data Collection Options....550

Patient Registries....550

Clinical Workflow Management....550

Quality Management, Report Generation, and Analysis....551

Future Directions....551

Cross-References....552

Recommended Reading....552

Clinical Data and Information Models....552

Definition....552

Key Points....552

Recommended Reading....553

Clinical Data Quality and Validation....553

Definition....553

Key Points....554

Accuracy....554

Completeness....554

Reliability....554

Cross-References....555

Recommended Reading....555

Clinical Decision Support....555

Synonyms....555

Definition....555

Historical Background....555

Foundations....556

Issues of Knowledge Representation....556

Storage of Clinical Knowledge in Database Systems....556

Standards for Sharing Clinical Decision Support Content Between Database Systems....557

Key Applications....557

Experimental Results....557

Cross-References....558

Recommended Reading....558

Clinical Document Architecture....558

Synonyms....558

Definition....559

Key Points....559

Cross-References....559

Recommended Reading....560

Clinical Event....560

Definition....560

Vernacular Definition....560

Technical Definitions....560

Key Points....560

Cross-References....561

Recommended Reading....561

Clinical Knowledge Repository....561

Synonyms....561

Definition....561

Key Points....561

Historical Background....562

Foundations....563

Key Applications....564

Cross-References....564

Recommended Reading....565

Clinical Observation....565

Synonyms....565

Definition....565

Key Points....565

Cross-References....566

Recommended Reading....566

Clinical Ontologies....566

Synonyms....566

Definition....566

Historical Background....566

Foundations....566

Properties of Clinical Ontologies....567

Key Applications....568

Prototypical Clinical Ontologies....568

Cross-References....569

Recommended Reading....569

Clinical Order....570

Synonyms....570

Definition....570

Key Points....570

Cross-References....571

Closed Itemset Mining and Nonredundant Association Rule Mining....571

Synonyms....571

Definition....571

Historical Background....571

Foundations....571

Mining Closed Frequent Itemsets....572

Non-redundant Association Rules....574

Key Applications....574

Future Directions....574

Experimental Results....574

Data Sets....574

Url to Code....574

Cross-References....574

Recommended Reading....574

Closest-Pair Query....575

Synonyms....575

Definition....575

Historical Background....575

Foundations....576

Key Applications....579

Geographical Information Systems....579

Data Analysis....580

Decision Making....580

Future Directions....580

Experimental Results....580

Data Sets....580

URL to Code....580

Cross-References....580

Recommended Reading....580

Cloud Computing....581

Definition....581

Historical Background....581

Scientific Fundamentals....582

Cloud Abstractions....582

Public and Private Clouds....583

Cloud Architectures....584

IaaS....584

PaaS....586

Data Center Maintenance and Power Optimization....586

Key Applications....587

Cross-References....587

Recommended Reading....587

Cloud Intelligence....587

Definition....587

Key Points....587

Cross-References....588

Recommended Reading....588

Cluster and Distance Measure....589

Synonyms....589

Definition....589

Clustering....589

Distance Measure....589

Key Points....589

Cross-References....590

Recommended Reading....590

Clustering for Post Hoc Information Retrieval....590

Synonyms....590

Definition....590

Historical Background....590

Scientific Fundamentals....591

Key Applications....592

Cross-References....594

Recommended Reading....594

Clustering on Streams....594

Definition....594

Historical Background....595

Foundations....595

Preliminaries....595

General Principles....596

Incremental Clustering....596

Representations....596

Hierarchical Clustering....597

On Relaxing the Number of Clusters....598

Clustering Evolving Data....598

Sliding Windows....598

Hierarchies of Windows....598

Decaying Data....599

Key Applications....599

Experimental Results....599

Cross-References....599

Recommended Reading....599

Clustering Overview and Applications....600

Synonyms....600

Definition....600

Historical Background....600

Foundations....600

The Clustering Process....600

Clustering Algorithms Taxonomy....601

Partitional Algorithms....602

Key Applications....603

Cross-References....604

Recommended Reading....605

Clustering Validity....605

Synonyms....605

Definition....605

Historical Background....606

Foundations....606

External Criteria....606

Comparison of C with Partition P (Non-hierarchical Clustering)....606

Internal Criteria....607

Validating Hierarchy of Clustering Schemes....607

Validating a Single Clustering Scheme....608

Relative Criteria....608

The Modified Hubert Γ Statistic....609

Dunn Family of Indices....609

RMSSDT, SPR, RS, CD....609

Key Applications....610

Cross-References....611

Recommended Reading....611

Clustering with Constraints....611

Synonyms....611

Definition....611

Historical Background....612

Foundations....613

Key Applications....615

URL to Code....615

Cross-References....615

Recommended Reading....615

Collaborative Filtering....615

Synonyms....615

Definition....616

Historical Background....616

Scientific Fundamentals....616

Item-Based Collaborative Filtering....616

User-Based Collaborative Filtering....617

Matrix Factorization....618

Key Applications....618

Recommendation....618

Personalized News Feed....618

Experimental Results....618

Data Sets....618

MovieLens....618

Netflix Prize....618

Yahoo! Music....618

URL to Code....619

LensKit....619

Apache Mahout....619

RecDB....619

Cross-References....619

Recommended Reading....619

Column Segmentation....619

Synonyms....619

Definition....619

Historical Background....620

Foundations....620

Challenges....621

Main Techniques....621

Rule-Based Systems....621

Hidden Markov Models....622

Conditional Models....622

Key Applications....623

URL to Code....623

Cross-References....624

Recommended Reading....624

Column Stores....624

Synonyms....624

Definition....624

Historical Background....624

Scientific Fundamentals....625

Key Applications....627

Cross-References....628

Recommended Reading....628

Common Warehouse Metamodel....629

Synonyms....629

Definition....629

Historical Background....629

Foundations....630

Object Model....630

Foundation....631

Resource....632

Analysis....632

Management....632

Key Applications....632

Cross-References....633

Recommended Reading....633

Comparative Visualization....633

Synonyms....633

Definition....633

Key Points....633

Cross-References....634

Recommended Reading....634

Compensating Transactions....634

Definition....634

Key Points....634

Cross-References....635

Recommended Reading....635

Complex Event....635

Synonyms....635

Definition....635

Key Points....635

Cross-References....635

Recommended Reading....635

Complex Event Processing....636

Synonyms....636

Definition....636

Key Points....636

Cross-References....637

Recommended Reading....637

Composite Event....637

Definition....637

Key Points....637

Cross-References....638

Recommended Reading....638

Composition....638

Synonyms....638

Definition....639

Key Points....639

Cross-References....639

Recommended Reading....639

Comprehensions....640

Synonyms....640

Definition....640

Key Points....640

Cross-References....640

Recommended Reading....641

Compression of Mobile Location Data....641

Synonyms....641

Definition....641

Historical Background....641

Scientific Fundamentals....643

Key Applications....648

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)....648

Location-Based Services (LBS)....648

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)....648

Spatiotemporal Data Mining....648

Future Directions....649

Cross-References....649

Recommended Reading....649

Computational Media Aesthetics....650

Synonyms....650

Definition....650

Historical Background....650

Foundations....651

Key Applications....652

Cross-References....652

Recommended Reading....652

Computationally Complete Relational Query Languages....653

Synonyms....653

Definition....653

Historical Background....653

Foundations....653

Key Applications....657

Future Directions....658

Cross-References....658

Recommended Reading....658

Computerized Physician Order Entry....659

Synonyms....659

Definition....659

Historical Background....659

Foundations....660

Technical Issues....662

Key Applications....664

Future Directions....664

Cross-References....664

Recommended Reading....664

Conceptual Modeling Foundations: The Notion of a Model in Conceptual Modeling....665

Synonyms....665

Definition....665

Main Text....665

Cross-References....667

Recommended Reading....667

Conceptual Schema Design....667

Definition....667

Historical Background....667

Foundations....668

Conceptual Schema Design in Practice....671

Key Applications....671

Future Directions....671

Cross-References....672

Recommended Reading....672

Concurrency Control for Replicated Databases....672

Synonyms....672

Definition....672

Historical Background....673

Scientific Fundamentals....673

Transactions in a Non-replicated System....673

Transaction Execution in a Replicated System....674

Execution Model and Architecture....674

Concurrency Control for One-Copy Serializability....675

Pessimistic Concurrency Control: Strict Two-Phase Locking....675

Principles....675

Architectural Comparison....676

Optimistic Concurrency Control....677

Concurrency Control for One-Copy Snapshot Isolation....678

Other Isolation Levels....678

Indirect Dependencies....678

Session Consistency....679

Summary....679

Experimental Results....680

Cross-References....680

Recommended Reading....680

Concurrency Control Manager....680

Synonyms....680

Definition....680

Key Points....681

Recommended Reading....681

Concurrency Control: Traditional Approaches....681

Synonyms....681

Definition....681

Key Points....682

Classification of Approaches....682

Cross-References....683

Recommended Reading....683

Conditional Tables....684

Synonyms....684

Definition....684

Key Points....684

Cross-References....685

Recommended Reading....685

Conjunctive Query....686

Synonyms....686

Definition....686

Key Points....686

Cross-References....687

Recommended Reading....687

Connection....687

Synonyms....687

Definition....687

Key Points....687

Cross-References....688

Recommended Reading....688

Consistency Models for Replicated Data....688

Synonyms....688

Definition....688

Historical Background....688

Foundations....688

Key Applications....689

Future Directions....690

Cross-References....690

Recommended Reading....690

Consistent Query Answering....690

Definition....690

Key Points....690

Cross-References....691

Recommended Reading....691

Constraint Databases....691

Definition....691

Key Points....691

Cross-References....692

Recommended Reading....692

Constraint Query Languages....692

Definition....692

Historical Background....693

Foundations....693

Key Applications....696

Cross-References....697

Recommended Reading....697

Constraint-Driven Database Repair....697

Synonyms....697

Definition....697

Historical Background....697

Foundations....698

Integrity Constraints for Characterizing Data Consistency....698

Repair Models....700

Methods for Finding Database Repairs....701

Key Applications....703

Future Directions....703

Cross-References....703

Recommended Reading....703

Content-and-Structure Query....704

Synonyms....704

Definition....704

Key Points....704

Cross-References....705

Recommended Reading....705

Content-Based Publish/Subscribe....705

Definition....705

Key Points....705

Cross-References....707

Recommended Reading....707

Content-Based Video Retrieval....707

Synonyms....707

Definition....707

Historical Background....708

Foundations....708

Unit of Retrieval....708

Representing Video Content Visually on Screen....709

Searching Archives of Digital Video....709

Content-Based Retrieval using Text Sources....710

Content-Based Retrieval using Visual Sources....710

Content-Based Retrieval using Audio Sources....711

Effective Retrieval....711

Key Applications....711

Future Directions....712

Experimental Results....712

Data Sets....714

Cross-References....714

Recommended Reading....715

Content-Only Query....715

Synonyms....715

Definition....715

Key Points....715

Cross-References....715

References....715

Context....716

Synonyms....716

Definition....716

Key Points....716

Cross-References....716

Recommended Reading....716

Contextualization in Structured Text Retrieval....717

Definition....717

Historical Background....717

Foundations....717

Key Applications....718

Experimental Results....718

Cross-References....719

Recommended Reading....719

Continuous Data Protection....719

Synonyms....719

Definition....719

Key Points....719

Cross-References....720

Recommended Reading....720

Continuous Monitoring of Spatial Queries....720

Synonyms....720

Definition....720

Historical Background....720

Foundations....720

Key Applications....725

Location-Based Services....725

Traffic Monitoring....725

Security Systems....725

Future Directions....725

Experimental Results....725

Cross-References....725

Recommended Reading....725

Continuous Multimedia Data Retrieval....726

Definition....726

Historical Background....726

Foundations....727

Retrieval of a Single Stream on a Single Disk....727

Retrieval of a Single Stream on Multiple Disks....727

Retrieval of Multiple Streams on a Single Disk....728

Retrieval of Multiple Streams on Multiple Disks....729

Key Applications....730

Cross-References....730

Recommended Reading....730

Continuous Queries in Sensor Networks....731

Synonyms....731

Definition....731

Historical Background....731

Foundations....732

Sensor Data Model....733

Continuous Query Models....733

Common Types of Continuous Queries in Sensor Networks Select-All Queries....734

Aggregate Queries....734

Join Queries....735

Key Applications....735

Habitat Monitoring....735

The Intelligent Building....735

Industrial Process Control....735

Cross-References....735

Recommended Reading....735

Continuous Query....736

Synonyms....736

Definition....736

Key Points....736

Cross-References....737

Recommended Reading....737

ConTract....737

Definition....737

Key Points....737

Cross-References....737

Recommended Reading....737

Control Data....738

Synonyms....738

Definition....738

Key Points....738

Cross-References....738

Convertible Constraints....738

Synonyms....738

Definition....738

Key Points....738

Cross-References....739

Recommended Reading....739

Coordination....739

Definition....739

Key Points....739

Cross-References....739

Recommended Reading....739

Copyright Issues in Databases....740

Synonyms....740

Definition....740

Historical Background....740

Foundations....740

Copyright....740

Standards for Obtaining Copyright....740

Originality....740

Fixation....741

The Duration of Copyright....741

Ownership and Transfer of Copyright....741

The Copyright Owner's Rights....741

Reproduction....742

Public Distribution, Performance, Display or Communication....742

Right of Adaptation, Modification or Right to Prepare Derivative Works....742

Theories of Secondary Liability....742

Contributory Infringement....742

Vicarious Liability for Copyright Infringement....742

Limitations and Exceptions....743

Remedies and Penalties....743

Key Applications....743

Cross-References....744

Recommended Reading....744

CORBA....744

Synonyms....744

Definition....744

Key Points....745

Cross-References....745

Recommended Reading....745

Correctness Criteria Beyond Serializability....746

Synonyms....746

Definition....746

Historical Background....746

Foundations....747

Multiversion Serializability....747

Semantic Consistency....748

Predicatewise Serializability....749

Epsilon Serializability....749

Eventual Consistency....749

Quasi-Serializability....749

Two-Level Serializability....750

Key Applications....750

Future Directions....750

Cross-References....751

Recommended Reading....751

Cost and Quality Trade-Offs in Crowdsourcing....751

Synonyms....751

Definition....751

Historical Background....752

Scientific Fundamentals....752

Future Directions....753

Recommended Reading....753

Cost Estimation....753

Definition....753

Historical Background....754

Foundations....755

Cost Components....755

Logical Costs/Data Volume....755

Algorithmic Costs/Complexity....755

Physical Costs/Execution Time....756

Cost Factors....756

Temporal Cost Factors....756

Spatial Cost Factors....757

Types of (Cost) Models....757

Architecture and Evaluation of Database Cost Models....758

Cross-References....758

Recommended Reading....758

Count-Min Sketch....759

Synonyms....759

Definition....759

Historical Background....759

Foundations....760

Update Procedure....760

Point Queries....760

Range, Heavy Hitter, and Quantile Queries....761

Inner Product Queries....762

Interpretation as Random Linear Projection....762

Conservative Update....762

Key Applications....762

Future Directions....763

Experimental Results....764

URL to Code....764

Cross-References....764

Recommended Reading....764

Coupling and Decoupling....765

Definition....765

Key Points....765

Cross-References....765

Covering Index....765

Definition....765

Key Points....766

Recommended Reading....766

Crash Recovery....766

Synonyms....766

Definition....766

Historical Background....766

Foundations....767

Consistency Concerns....767

Forward Recovery....768

Logging Methods and Rules....768

Taxonomy of Crash Recovery Algorithms....769

Implementation Implications....770

Archive Recovery....771

Key Applications....771

Future Directions....771

Cross-References....772

Recommended Reading....772

Cross-Language Mining and Retrieval....773

Synonyms....773

Definition....773

Historical Background....773

Foundations....774

Cross-Language Web Mining....774

Mining Parallel Data....774

Mining OOV Term Translation....774

Query Translation Disambiguation....775

Disambiguation by Term Similarity....775

Disambiguation by Term Co-occurrence....775

Disambiguation by Language Modeling....775

Pre-/Post-Translation Expansion....776

Cross-Lingual Query Suggestion....776

Latent Semantic Index (LSI) for CLIR....777

Key Applications....777

Experimental Results....777

Data Sets....777

Cross-References....777

Recommended Reading....778

Cross-Modal Multimedia Information Retrieval....778

Synonyms....778

Definition....779

Historical Background....779

Retrieval Approaches on Single-Modality....779

Retrieval Approaches on Multi-Modality Integration....779

Foundations....779

Layered Graph Model....780

Link Analysis Based Retrieval....781

Key Applications....781

Multimedia Information Retrieval System....781

Future Directions....782

Cross-References....783

Recommended Reading....783

Cross-Validation....783

Synonyms....783

Definition....784

Historical Background....784

Foundations....785

Resubstitution Validation....785

Hold-Out Validation....785

K-Fold Cross-Validation....785

Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation....785

Repeated K-Fold Cross-Validation....786

Pros and Cons....786

Why Tenfold Cross-Validation: From Ideal to Reality....786

Key Applications....788

Performance Estimation....788

Model Selection....788

Tuning....789

Cross-References....789

Recommended Reading....789

Crowd Database Operators....790

Synonyms....790

Definition....790

Historical Background....790

Scientific Fundamentals....790

Filtering Operators....790

Sorting, Top-k, and MAX Operators....791

Group-by Operators....793

Join Operators....793

Scan Operators....794

Key Applications....794

Crowd Database Systems....794

Users and Developers of Crowdsourcing Applications....794

Cross-References....795

Recommended Reading....795

Crowd Database Systems....795

Synonyms....795

Definition....795

Historical Background....796

Scientific Fundamentals....796

Architecture of Crowdsourcing Database Systems....796

Data Model and Query Language....796

Query Processing and Optimization....799

Key Applications....802

Cross-References....803

Recommended Reading....803

Crowd Mining and Analysis....804

Synonyms....804

Definition....804

Historical Background....804

Scientific Fundamentals....805

A Formal Model for the Crowd....805

Overall Significant Data Patterns....806

Exploring the Data Domain....806

Question Generation....806

Incorporating Existing Knowledge....806

Key Applications....807

Cross-References....807

Recommended Reading....807

Crowdsourcing Geographic Information Systems....808

Synonyms....808

Definition....808

Historical Background....808

Scientific Fundamentals....809

Key Applications....814

Mapping....814

Understanding Urban Form and Function....814

Traffic Assessment....814

3D Scene Reconstruction....814

Cross-References....814

Recommended Reading....814

Cube....815

Synonyms....815

Definition....815

Key Points....815

Cross-References....816

Recommended Reading....816

Cube Implementations....816

Synonyms....816

Definition....816

Historical Background....817

Foundations....818

Subcube Selection....818

Cube Computation....819

Query Processing....820

Incremental Maintenance....821

Key Applications....821

Cross-References....821

Recommended Reading....821

Current Semantics....822

Synonyms....822

Definition....822

Main Text....822

Cross-References....823

Recommended Reading....823

Curse of Dimensionality....823

Synonyms....823

Definition....823

Key Points....824

Cross-References....824

Recommended Reading....824

D....825

Daplex....825

Definition....825

Key Points....825

Cross-References....826

Recommended Reading....826

Data Acquisition and Dissemination in Sensor Networks....826

Synonyms....826

Definition....826

Historical Background....826

Foundations....827

Key Applications....830

Cross-References....830

Recommended Reading....830

Data Aggregation in Sensor Networks....831

Definition....831

Historical Background....831

Foundations....832

Approximate Aggregation....833

Duplicate-Insensitive Aggregation....834

Temporal Aspects of Aggregation....834

Other Aspects of Aggregation in Sensor Networks....835

Key Applications....836

Cross-References....836

Recommended Reading....836

Data Broadcasting, Caching, and Replication in Mobile Computing....837

Synonyms....837

Definition....837

Historical Background....837

Foundations....837

Data Broadcasting....837

Scheduling and Organization....838

Indexing....838

Data Caching and Replication....839

Key Applications....840

Cross-References....840

Recommended Reading....841

Data Center Energy Efficiency....841

Avoiding Waste in Current Systems....842

Greater Efficiency with Emerging Technologies....842

Improvements in Software and Algorithms....843

Recommended Reading....843

Data Cleaning....843

Definition....843

Historical Background....844

Foundations....844

Main Data Cleaning Tasks....844

Column Segmentation....844

Record Matching....844

Deduplication....845

Data Standardization....845

Data Profiling....845

Data Cleaning Platforms....845

Key Applications....846

Cross-References....846

Recommended Reading....846

Data Compression in Sensor Networks....847

Synonyms....847

Definition....847

Key Points....847

Cross-References....848

Recommended Reading....848

Data Conflicts....849

Synonyms....849

Definition....849

Historical Background....849

Foundations....849

Classification of Data Conflicts....849

Single-Source Data Conflicts....849

Multi-source Data Conflicts....850

Dealing with Data Conflicts....852

Key Applications....852

Data Warehousing....852

Data Mining....852

Cross-References....853

Recommended Reading....853

Data Definition....853

Synonyms....853

Definition....853

Historical Background....853

Scientific Fundamentals....853

Key Applications....854

Cross-References....854

Recommended Reading....854

Data Definition Language (DDL)....854

Synonyms....854

Definition....854

Historical Background....854

Scientific Fundamentals....855

Key Applications....855

Cross-References....855

Recommended Reading....855

Data Dictionary....855

Synonyms....855

Definition....855

Key Points....855

Cross-References....856

Recommended Reading....856

Data Encryption....856

Synonyms....856

Definition....857

Historical Background....857

Foundations....857

Stream Ciphers....857

Block Ciphers....858

Public Key Encryption Algorithms....859

Attack Models....859

Key Applications....859

Cross-References....859

Recommended Reading....859

Data Estimation in Sensor Networks....860

Synonyms....860

Definition....860

Key Points....860

Cross-References....860

Recommended Reading....861

Data Exchange....861

Synonyms....861

Definition....861

Historical Background....861

Foundations....862

Key Applications....868

Cross-References....868

Recommended Reading....868

Data Fusion....868

Synonyms....868

Definition....869

Historical Background....869

Scientific Fundamentals....870

Key Applications....872

Data Integration and Data Warehousing....872

Knowledge Base Construction and Knowledge Fusion....872

Future Directions....872

Experimental Results....873

Data Sets....873

Cross-References....873

Recommended Reading....873

Data Fusion in Sensor Networks....873

Synonyms....873

Definition....873

Historical Background....874

Foundations....874

Key Applications....877

Data Sets....877

Cross-References....877

Recommended Reading....877

Data Generation....878

Synonyms....878

Definition....878

Scientific Fundamentals....878

Key Applications....878

URL to Code and Data Sets....879

Cross-References....879

Recommended Reading....879

Data Integration Architectures and Methodology for the Life Sciences....879

Definition....879

Historical Background....879

Foundations....880

Key Applications....883

Future Directions....884

Cross-References....884

Recommended Reading....884

Data Integration in Web Data Extraction System....885

Synonyms....885

Definition....885

Historical Background....885

Foundations....886

Semi-structured Data....886

Schema and Instance Matching....886

Web Content Mining....887

Key Applications....887

Vertical Search....887

Web Intelligence....887

Situational Applications....888

Cross-References....888

Recommended Reading....888

Data Management for VANETs....888

Synonyms....888

Definition....889

Main Text....889

Cross-References....890

Recommended Reading....890

Data Management Fundamentals: Database Management System....890

Synonyms....890

Definition....890

Historical Background....890

Scientific Fundamentals....891

Key Applications....891

Cross-References....891

Recommended Reading....891

Data Management in Data Centers....892

Synonyms....892

Definition....892

Historical Background....892

Scientific Fundamentals....893

Key-Value Stores....893

Large-Scale Transactional Databases....894

Geo-replication and Distribution....896

Multi-tenancy....896

Future Directions....897

Cross-References....897

Recommended Reading....897

Data Manipulation Language (DML)....898

Synonyms....898

Definition....898

Historical Background....898

Scientific Fundamentals....898

Key Applications....898

Cross-References....898

Recommended Reading....899

Data Mart....899

Definition....899

Main Text....899

Cross-References....900

References....900

Data Migration Management....900

Synonyms....900

Definition....900

Historical Background....900

Scientific Fundamentals....901

Key Applications....903

Cross-References....903

Recommended Reading....903

Data Mining....903

Synonyms....903

Definition....903

Historical Background....904

Foundations....904

Mining Interesting Patterns from Massive Amount of Data....904

Scalable Classification and Predictive Modeling....904

Cluster and Outlier Analysis....905

Multidimensional (OLAP) Analysis....905

Mining Different Kinds of Data....905

Key Applications....905

Biological Data Mining....905

Data Mining for Software Engineering....906

Future Directions....906

Mining Information Networks....906

Invisible Data Mining....906

Privacy-Preserving Data Mining....906

Experimental Results....906

Data Sets....907

URL to Code....907

Cross-References....907

Recommended Reading....907

Data Partitioning....908

Definition....908

Key Points....908

Cross-References....909

Data Privacy and Patient Consent....909

Synonyms....909

Definition....909

Historical Background....909

Foundations....910

Key Applications....913

Electronic Health Records....913

Medical Research....913

Cross-References....913

Recommended Reading....913

Data Profiling....914

Synonyms....914

Definition....914

Historical Background....914

Foundations....914

Basic Statistics....914

Distributional Statistics....914

Textual Summaries....915

Structural Summaries....915

Samples....916

Implementation Considerations....916

Modes of Use....917

Key Applications....917

Cross-References....917

Recommended Reading....917

Data Provenance....918

Synonyms....918

Definition....918

Key Points....918

Cross-References....918

Recommended Reading....918

Data Quality Assessment....918

Synonyms....918

Definition....919

Historical Background....919

Foundations....919

Key Applications....922

Future Directions....922

Cross-References....922

Recommended Reading....922

Data Quality Dimensions....923

Synonyms....923

Definition....923

Historical Background....923

Foundations....923

Classifications....923

Completeness....924

Accuracy....925

Consistency....925

Timeliness....926

Further Dimensions....926

Key Applications....926

Cross-References....926

Recommended Reading....926

Data Quality Models....927

Synonyms....927

Definition....927

Historical Background....927

Foundations....928

Key Applications....931

Future Directions....931

Cross-References....932

Recommended Reading....932

Data Rank/Swapping....932

Synonyms....932

Definition....932

Key Points....932

Cross-References....933

Recommended Reading....933

Data Reduction....933

Definition....933

Historical Background....933

Foundations....934

Histograms....935

Clustering....936

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)....936

Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)....937

Key Applications....938

Data Storage and Transfer....938

Database Management Systems....938

OLAP....938

Multimedia Data....938

Taxonomy....938

Cross-References....938

Recommended Reading....938

Data Replication....939

Synonyms....939

Definition....939

Historical Background....939

Scientific Fundamentals....940

Replica Control....940

Replica Control and Concurrency Control....941

Weak Consistency Models and Conflict Resolution....942

Availability....942

Replica Allocation....943

Replication in Various Computing Environments....943

Key Applications....944

Future Directions....944

Cross-References....945

Recommended Reading....945

Data Sampling....946

Definition....946

Historical Background....946

Foundations....946

Key Applications....949

Query Optimization....949

Approximate Query Processing....949

Data Streaming....949

Cross-References....949

Recommended Reading....949

Data Scrubbing....950

Synonyms....950

Definition....950

Historical Background....950

Scientific Fundamentals....951

Key Applications....953

Future Directions....953

Cross-References....954

Recommended Reading....954

Data Sketch/Synopsis....954

Synonyms....954

Definition....954

Key Points....954

Cross-References....955

Recommended Reading....955

Data Skew....955

Synonyms....955

Definition....955

Key Points....955

Cross-References....955

Recommended Reading....955

Data Storage and Indexing in Sensor Networks....956

Definition....956

Historical Background....956

Foundations....956

Key Applications....958

Cross-References....958

Recommended Reading....958

Data Stream....959

Synonyms....959

Definition....959

Key Points....959

Cross-References....960

Recommended Reading....960

Data Stream Management Architectures and Prototypes....960

Definition....960

Historical Background....960

Foundations....960

Prototypes....962

Key Applications....965

URL to Code....965

Cross-References....965

Recommended Reading....965

Data Types in Scientific Data Management....966

Synonyms....966

Definition....966

Foundations....966

Commonly Used Data Types in Science Applications....966

Arrays....966

Time-Series....967

Finite Element Meshes....967

Graphs....967

Some Basic Issues About Scientific Data Types....968

Key Applications....969

Cross-References....969

Recommended Reading....969

Data Uncertainty Management in Sensor Networks....969

Synonyms....969

Definition....969

Historical Background....970

Foundations....970

Modeling Uncertainty....970

Queries....971

Implementation....972

Indexing....973

Key Applications....973

Future Directions....973

Cross-References....974

Recommended Reading....974

Data Visualization....975

Synonyms....975

Definition....975

Historical Background....975

Foundations....978

Key Applications....980

Statistics....980

Information Systems....980

Documentation....982

Computational Science....982

Cross-References....982

Recommended Reading....982

Data Warehouse....982

Synonyms....982

Definition....983

DW Environment and Model....983

Cross-References....983

Recommended Reading....984

Data Warehouse Life Cycle and Design....984

Synonyms....984

Definition....984

Historical Background....984

Foundations....985

Key Applications....989

Designers....989

Business Users....989

Future Directions....989

Cross-References....989

Recommended Reading....990

Data Warehouse Maintenance, Evolution, and Versioning....990

Synonyms....990

Definition....990

Historical Background....991

Scientific Fundamentals....991

Key Applications....995

Future Directions....995

Cross-References....996

Recommended Reading....996

Data Warehouse Metadata....997

Definition....997

Historical Background....997

Foundations....998

Key Applications....1002

Cross-References....1003

Recommended Reading....1003

Data Warehouse Security....1003

Synonyms....1003

Definition....1004

Historical Background....1004

Scientific Fundamentals....1005

Security in Data Sources....1005

Security in ETL Processes....1006

Security in Data Warehouses Modeling....1006

Security in OLAP Tools....1007

Key Applications....1008

Cross-References....1008

Recommended Reading....1008

Data Warehousing for Clinical Research....1009

Synonyms....1009

Definition....1009

Historical Background....1009

Foundations....1009

Database Design for Clinical Research Data Warehouse....1009

Metadata Management in Clinical Research Data Warehouse....1010

Privacy Management in the Clinical Research Data Warehouse....1012

Data Flow in Clinical Research Data Warehouse....1012

Key Applications....1012

Cross-References....1013

Recommended Reading....1013

Data Warehousing in Cloud Environments....1014

Synonyms....1014

Definition....1014

Historical Background....1014

Scientific Fundamentals....1015

Key Applications....1017

Future Directions*....1018

Experimental Results*....1018

URL to Code*....1018

Cross References....1018

Recommended Reading....1018

Data Warehousing on Nonconventional Data....1019

Definition....1019

Historical Background....1019

Scientific Fundamentals....1020

Key Applications....1021

Future Directions....1021

Cross-References....1021

Recommended Reading....1021

Data Warehousing Systems: Foundations and Architectures....1022

Definition....1022

Historical Background....1022

Scientific Fundamentals....1023

OLTP Versus Data Warehousing Systems....1023

ROLAP and MOLAP....1023

Data Warehousing Architecture....1025

Data Source Systems....1025

ETL Management Services....1026

Data Warehouse Storage and Metadata Repository....1027

Data Mart and OLAP Engines....1027

Front-End Tools....1027

Other DW Architectures....1027

Independent Data Marts Architecture....1028

Data Mart Bus Architecture with Conformed Dimensions....1028

Centralized Data Warehouse Architecture....1028

Hub-and-Spoke Architecture (Corporate Information Factory)....1028

Distributed Data Warehouse Architecture....1029

Federated Data Warehouse Architecture....1029

Virtual Data Mart Architecture....1030

Key Applications....1030

Future Direction....1030

URL to CODE....1031

Cross-References....1032

Recommended Reading....1032

Data, Text, and Web Mining in Healthcare....1033

Synonyms....1033

Definition....1033

Historical Background....1033

Foundations....1033

Data Mining....1033

Text Mining....1033

Web Mining....1034

Key Applications....1034

Data Mining in Healthcare....1034

Text Mining in Healthcare....1034

Web Usage Mining in Healthcare....1035

Experimental Results....1035

Cross-References....1036

Recommended Reading....1036

Database....1037

Definition....1037

Historical Background....1037

Key Applications....1037

Cross-References....1037

Recommended Reading....1038

Database Adapter and Connector....1038

Synonyms....1038

Definition....1038

Historical Background....1038

Foundations....1038

Key Applications....1041

URL To Code....1041

Cross-References....1041

Recommended Reading....1041

Database Administrator (DBA)....1041

Definition....1041

Historical Background....1041

Key Applications....1042

Cross-References....1042

Recommended Reading....1042

Database Benchmarks....1042

Definition....1042

Historical Background....1042

Scientific Fundamentals....1043

Key Applications....1044

Experimental Results....1044

URL to Code and Data Sets....1044

Cross-References....1044

Recommended Reading....1044

Database Clustering Methods....1045

Synonyms....1045

Definitions....1045

Key Points....1045

Cross-References....1046

Recommended Reading....1046

Database Clusters....1046

Synonyms....1046

Definition....1046

Historical Background....1047

Foundations....1047

Key Applications....1048

Future Directions....1049

Experimental Results....1049

Data Sets....1050

URL to Code....1050

Cross-References....1050

Recommended Reading....1050

Database Dependencies....1051

Synonyms....1051

Definition....1051

Historical Background....1051

Foundations....1052

Inference....1052

Decompositions....1054

Key Applications....1055

Cross-References....1055

Recommended Reading....1055

Database Design....1056

Definition....1056

Key Points....1056

Cross-References....1057

Recommended Reading....1057

Database Languages for Sensor Networks....1057

Synonyms....1057

Definition....1058

Historical Background....1058

Foundations....1059

Restricted Expressiveness....1059

Specialized Language Constructs....1061

Key Applications....1061

Cross-References....1061

Recommended Reading....1061

Database Machine....1062

Definition....1062

Key Points....1062

Cross-References....1063

Recommended Reading....1063

Database Management System....1063

Synonyms....1063

Definition....1063

Historical Background....1063

Foundations....1064

Key Applications....1067

Cross-References....1067

Recommended Reading....1068

Database Middleware....1068

Synonyms....1068

Definition....1068

Historical Background....1068

Foundations....1069

Database Middleware for Integration....1069

Database Middleware for Scaling and Availability....1069

Transactional and Messaging Middleware....1070

Middleware for Adaptation and Reconfiguration....1071

Key Applications....1071

Cross-References....1071

Recommended Reading....1071

Database Repair....1072

Definition....1072

Key Points....1072

Cross-References....1072

Recommended Reading....1072

Database Reverse Engineering....1073

Synonyms....1073

Definition....1073

Historical Background....1073

Foundations....1073

Database Design Revisited....1074

Standard Database Design Methodology....1074

Empirical Database Design....1074

Database Reverse Engineering Processes....1075

Physical Schema Extraction....1075

Logical Schema Reconstruction....1076

Implicit Constructs....1076

Sources and Techniques....1076

Schema Conceptualization....1077

Tools....1078

Examples....1078

Key Applications....1078

Cross-References....1078

Recommended Reading....1078

Database Schema....1079

Synonyms....1079

Definition....1079

Historical Background....1079

Scientific Fundamentals....1079

Key Applications....1080

Cross-References....1080

Recommended Reading....1080

Database Security....1080

Synonyms....1080

Definition....1080

Historical Background....1080

Foundations....1081

Key Applications....1084

Cross-References....1084

Recommended Reading....1084

Database Techniques to Improve Scientific Simulations....1085

Synonyms....1085

Definition....1085

Historical Background....1085

Foundations....1086

Local Models....1086

ISAT Algorithm....1086

Indexing Problem....1087

Tuning Retrieves....1088

Tuning Grows and Adds....1088

An Example: Binary Tree....1089

Retrieve....1089

Update....1090

Long Running Simulations....1090

Key Applications....1090

Recommended Reading....1090

Database Trigger....1091

Synonyms....1091

Definition....1091

Key Points....1091

Cross-References....1091

Recommended Readings....1091

Database Tuning Using Combinatorial Search....1091

Definition....1091

Historical Background....1092

Foundations....1092

Example: Physical Database Design using Combinatorial Search....1092

Future Directions....1094

Cross-References....1094

Recommended Reading....1094

Database Tuning Using Online Algorithms....1095

Definition....1095

Historical Background....1095

Foundations....1096

Expanded Example: Self Tuning Histograms....1096

Future Directions....1098

Cross-References....1098

Recommended Reading....1098

Database Tuning Using Trade-Off Elimination....1099

Definition....1099

Historical Background....1099

Foundations....1099

Example: Cache Management with Trade-off Elimination....1100

Future Directions....1102

Cross-References....1102

Recommended Reading....1102

Database Use in Science Applications....1103

Definition....1103

The Problem....1103

Foundations....1103

Key Applications....1106

Cross-References....1106

Recommended Reading....1106

Datalog....1106

Synonyms....1106

Definition....1106

Historical Background....1107

Foundations....1107

Datalog Syntax....1107

Definition 1....1107

Semantics....1107

Evaluation and Optimization of Datalog....1109

Datalog with Negation....1110

Key Applications....1110

Current and Potential Users and the Motivation of Studying This Area....1110

Cross-References....1110

Recommended Reading....1110

DBMS Component....1111

Synonyms....1111

Definition....1111

Key Points....1111

Cross-References....1111

Recommended Reading....1111

DBMS Interface....1111

Synonyms....1111

Definition....1111

Key Points....1112

Cross-References....1112

Recommended Reading....1112

DCE....1112

Synonyms....1112

Definition....1112

Key Points....1112

Cross-References....1113

Recommended Reading....1113

DCOM....1113

Synonyms....1113

Definition....1113

Key Points....1113

Cross-References....1114

Recommended Reading....1114

Decay Models....1114

Definition....1114

Historical Background....1115

Kernel Estimation....1115

Time-Decay....1115

Network....1115

Euclidean Plane....1116

Foundations....1116

Metric Space....1116

Decay Functions....1116

Aggregate Functions....1116

Computational Challenges....1117

All Distances Sketches....1117

Key Applications....1117

Cross-References....1117

Recommended Reading....1118

Decision Rule Mining in Rough Set Theory....1118

Synonyms....1118

Definition of the Subject....1118

Historical Background....1119

Scientific Fundamentals....1119

Attribute(Column) Reducts and Candidate Keys....1119

Value Reducts: Simplest Decision Rules....1120

Illustration....1120

Select a Decision Table....1120

Step 1: Split the Decision Table....1120

Step 2: Find the Decision Classes in Consistent Table....1120

Step 3: Find the Condition Classes in Consistent Table....1120

Step 4: Observe the Knowledge Dependencies....1120

Step 5: Organizing into ``If-Then'' Rules....1121

Step 6: Attribute (Column) Reducts....1121

Step 7: Drop the Repeated Tuples....1121

Step 8: Value Reducts....1121

Extended RDB Theories....1122

Graph RDB Theory....1123

Cross-References....1123

Recommended Reading....1123

Decision Tree Classification....1123

Synonyms....1123

Definition....1123

Historical Background....1124

Foundations....1124

Formal Definition....1124

Building Decision Tree Classifiers....1125

Split Attribute and Split Point Selection....1125

Tree Pruning....1127

Key Applications....1128

URL to Code....1128

Cross-References....1128

Recommended Reading....1128

Decision Trees....1128

Synonyms....1128

Definition....1128

Key Points....1128

Cross-References....1129

Recommended Reading....1129

Declarative Networking....1129

Synonyms....1129

Definition....1129

Historical Background....1129

Foundations....1130

Key Applications....1131

Future Directions....1131

URL to Code....1131

Cross-References....1131

Recommended Reading....1131

Deductive Data Mining Using Granular Computing....1132

Synonyms....1132

Definition of the Subject....1132

Scientific Fundamentals....1133

Isomorphism: A Critical Concept....1133

Granular Data Model: The Canonical Model....1134

Key Applications....1135

Constructing All Features....1135

High-Frequency Patterns in RDB....1135

Future Directions....1136

Non-semantic Phenomena in Data Mining....1136

Semantic Oriented Data Mining....1137

An Illustration....1138

Semantic clustering by homology....1138

Cross-References....1139

Recommended Reading....1139

Deduplication....1140

Synonyms....1140

Definition....1140

Key Points....1140

Cross-References....1141

Recommended Reading....1141

Deduplication in Data Cleaning....1141

Synonyms....1141

Definition....1141

Historical Background....1141

Foundations....1142

Multi-attribute Deduplication....1144

Constraints....1145

Key Applications....1145

Cross-References....1145

Recommended Reading....1145

Deep Instantiation....1146

Synonyms....1146

Definition....1146

Main Text....1146

Cross-References....1147

References....1147

Deep-Web Search....1147

Synonyms....1147

Definition....1147

Historical Background....1147

Foundations....1148

Search Architecture....1148

Source Modeling....1148

Schema Matching....1149

Offline Crawling....1150

Online Querying....1151

Key Applications....1151

Cross-References....1151

Recommended Reading....1151

Dense Index....1151

Definition....1151

Key Points....1152

Cross-References....1152

Recommended Reading....1152

Dense Pixel Displays....1152

Synonyms....1152

Definition....1153

Historical Background....1153

Foundations....1153

Dense Pixel Displays as Optimization Problem: Pixel Arrangement....1153

Dense Pixel Displays as Optimization Problem: Shape of Sub-windows....1155

Dense Pixel Displays as Optimization Problem: Ordering of Dimensions....1156

Key Applications....1156

Growth Matrix....1157

Pixel Bar Charts....1157

Literature Fingerprinting....1157

Cross-References....1158

Recommended Reading....1159

Density-Based Clustering....1159

Definition....1159

Historical Background....1159

Foundations....1160

DBSCAN....1161

GDBSCAN....1161

Denclue....1162

OPTICS....1162

Grid-Based Methods....1162

Key Applications....1163

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)....1163

Image Data....1163

Future Directions....1163

URL to Code....1163

Cross-References....1164

Recommended Reading....1164

Description Logics....1164

Synonyms....1164

Definition....1164

Historical Background....1164

Foundations....1165

Concept and Role Constructors....1165

Formal Semantics....1166

Using Concepts in Knowledge Bases....1166

Mathematical Properties....1167

Implementations....1167

Key Applications....1167

Conceptual Modeling....1167

Ontology Specification....1167

Management and Querying of Incomplete Information....1168

Query Organization and Optimization....1168

Future Directions....1168

URL to Code....1168

Cross-References....1168

Recommended Reading....1168

Design for Data Quality....1169

Synonyms....1169

Definition....1169

Historical Background....1169

Foundations....1170

Future Directions....1173

Cross-References....1173

Recommended Reading....1173

Dewey Decimal System....1174

Synonyms....1174

Definition....1174

Key Points....1174

Recommended Reading....1175

Diagram....1175

Synonyms....1175

Definition....1175

Key Points....1175

Cross-References....1177

Recommended Reading....1177

Difference....1177

Synonyms....1177

Definition....1177

Key Points....1177

Cross-References....1177

Digital Archives and Preservation....1177

Synonyms....1177

Definition....1178

Historical Background....1178

Foundations....1179

Key Applications....1180

Future Directions....1182

Cross-References....1183

Recommended Reading....1183

Digital Curation....1183

Synonyms....1183

Definition....1183

Key Points....1183

Cross-References....1184

Recommended Reading....1184

Digital Elevation Models....1184

Synonyms....1184

Definition....1184

Historical Background....1185

Foundations....1185

Key Applications....1188

Future Directions....1188

URL to Code....1188

Cross-References....1189

Recommended Reading....1189

Digital Libraries....1189

Synonyms....1189

Definition....1189

Historical Background....1189

Foundations....1190

Building Digital Libraries....1191

Key Applications....1191

Future Directions....1192

Experimental Results....1193

Data Sets....1193

Url to Code....1193

Cross-References....1193

Recommended Reading....1193

Digital Rights Management....1194

Synonyms....1194

Definition....1194

Historical Background....1194

Foundations....1194

Overview....1194

Watermarking for Rights Protection....1194

Consumer Driven Watermarking....1195

Numerical Data Types....1196

Categorical Data Types....1197

Key Applications....1198

Future Directions....1198

Cross-References....1199

Recommended Reading....1199

Digital Signatures....1199

Synonyms....1199

Definition....1199

Historical Background....1200

Foundations....1200

Digital Signature Schemes....1201

Digital Signature Schemes with Appendix....1202

Digital Signature Schemes with Message Recovery....1202

XML Signature....1203

Key Applications....1205

Cross-References....1205

Recommended Reading....1205

Dimension....1205

Definition....1205

Key Points....1205

Cross-References....1206

Recommended Reading....1206

Dimension Reduction Techniques for Clustering....1206

Synonyms....1206

Definition....1206

Historical Background....1207

Foundations....1207

Dimension Reduction Versus Feature Selection....1207

PCA and Other Linear Dimension Reduction....1207

Linear Discriminant Analysis....1208

Adaptive Dimension Reduction: Combining Dimension Reduction and Clustering....1209

Metric Scaling....1209

Laplacian Embedding and Other Nonlinear Dimension Reduction....1210

Laplacian Embedding....1210

Relation to Spectral Clustering....1211

Other Nonlinear Embedding Methods....1211

Key Applications....1212

Cross-References....1212

Recommended Reading....1212

Dimensionality Reduction....1212

Definition....1212

Key Points....1213

Cross-References....1213

Recommended Reading....1213

Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Nearest-Neighbor Computations....1214

Synonyms....1214

Definition....1214

Historical Background....1214

Scientific Fundamentals....1214

Dimensionality Reduction via SVD, PCA, and KLT....1215

Combining Clustering Methods and SVD....1215

CSVD to Build an Index for k-NN Queries....1216

Nearest-Neighbors Queries with Multiple Clusters....1217

Exact Versus Approximate k-NN Queries....1218

High-Dimensional Indices....1218

Further Work....1220

Cross-References....1220

Recommended Reading....1220

Dimension-Extended Topological Relationships....1221

Definition....1221

Historical Background....1221

Foundations....1222

Key Applications....1223

Future Directions....1224

Cross-References....1224

Recommended Reading....1224

Direct Attached Storage....1225

Synonyms....1225

Definition....1225

Key Points....1225

Cross-References....1225

Recommended Reading....1225

Direct Manipulation....1225

Synonyms....1225

Definition....1226

Key Points....1226

Cross-References....1226

Recommended Reading....1226

Disaster Recovery....1227

Definition....1227

Key Points....1227

Cross-References....1227

Disclosure Risk....1227

Synonyms....1227

Definition....1227

Key Points....1227

Cross-References....1228

Recommended Reading....1228

Discounted Cumulated Gain....1228

Synonyms....1228

Definition....1228

Historical Background....1229

Foundations....1229

Ranked Retrieval Result....1229

Document Relevance Scores and Weights....1229

Gain Vector....1229

Cumulated Gain Vector....1229

Discounting Principle....1229

Discounted Cumulated Gain Vector....1230

Average Vector....1230

Ideal Vector....1230

Normalized Vector....1230

Normalized Discounted Cumulated Gain (nDCG) Vector....1230

The Average Normalized Discounted Cumulated Gain Indicator....1231

Properties of (n)(D)CG....1231

Key Applications....1232

Future Directions....1232

Session-Based DCG....1232

Cross-References....1233

Recommended Reading....1233

Discovery....1234

Synonyms....1234

Definition....1234

Historical Background....1234

Foundations....1235

Enabling Discovery....1235

Searching in Service Registries....1235

Querying Repositories....1236

Domain-Specific Knowledge in Service Descriptions....1236

Semantic Annotations....1236

Quality-of-Service Properties....1237

Key Applications....1237

Future Directions....1238

URL to Code....1238

Cross-References....1238

Recommended Reading....1238

Discrete Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Synopses....1238

Definition....1238

Historical Background....1239

Foundations....1239

Haar Wavelet Basics....1239

Data Reduction and Approximate Query Processing....1241

Conventional and Advanced Wavelet Thresholding Schemes....1242

Extended and Streaming Wavelet Synopses....1244

Key Applications....1244

Data Sets....1245

Future Directions....1245

Cross-References....1245

Recommended Reading....1245

Discretionary Access Control....1246

Synonyms....1246

Definition....1246

Historical Background....1246

Scientific Fundamentals....1246

DAC in Relational Database....1247

Research Issues in Emerging Systems....1248

Key Applications....1248

Future Directions....1248

Experimental Results....1249

Data Sets....1249

URL to Code....1249

Cross-Reference....1249

Recommended Reading....1249

Disk....1249

Synonyms....1249

Definition....1249

Key Points....1250

Cross-References....1250

Disk Power Saving....1250

Definition....1250

Key Points....1251

Cross-References....1251

Recommended Reading....1251

Distortion Techniques....1251

Synonyms....1251

Definition....1251

Historical Background....1252

Foundations....1252

Key Applications....1257

Cross-References....1257

Recommended Reading....1257

Distributed Architecture....1258

Synonyms....1258

Definition....1258

Historical Background....1259

Foundations....1260

Autonomy and Heterogeneity....1260

Transparency....1261

Distributed or Parallel DBMS Provide Update Transparency....1261

Consistency....1262

Distributed Catalog Management....1263

Cross-References....1263

Recommended Reading....1263

Distributed Concurrency Control....1263

Synonyms....1263

Definition....1263

Historical Background....1264

Foundations....1264

Future Directions....1267

Cross-References....1268

Recommended Reading....1268

Distributed Data Streams....1268

Definition....1268

Historical Background....1268

Foundations....1269

Key Applications....1274

Future Directions....1274

Data Sets....1275

Cross-References....1275

Recommended Reading....1275

Distributed Database Design....1276

Synonyms....1276

Definition....1276

Historical Background....1277

Foundations....1277

Fragmentation....1277

Allocation....1279

Future Directions....1279

Cross-References....1280

Recommended Reading....1280

Distributed Database Systems....1280

Synonyms....1280

Definition....1280

Historical Background....1281

Foundations....1281

Key Applications....1282

Future Directions....1282

Cross-References....1283

Recommended Reading....1283

Distributed DBMS....1283

Synonyms....1283

Definition....1283

Historical Background....1283

Foundations....1283

Data Placement Among Sites....1284

Propagating the Effects of Update Transactions....1284

Distributed Query Processing....1285

Handling Failures....1285

Key Applications....1286

Future Directions....1286

Cross-References....1286

Recommended Reading....1286

Distributed Deadlock Management....1287

Synonyms....1287

Definition....1287

Historical Background....1287

Foundations....1289

Transaction Wait-for Graph....1289

Deadlock Models....1290

Static vs Dynamic Deadlock Detection....1290

Deadlock Resolution....1290

Key Applications....1291

Future Directions....1291

Cross-References....1291

Recommended Reading....1291

Distributed File Systems....1292

Synonyms....1292

Definition....1292

Historical Background....1292

Scientific Fundamentals....1293

Architecture....1293

Naming Schemes....1294

Remote File Access....1294

Replication....1295

Caching....1295

Fault Tolerance and Scalability....1295

Security....1295

Key Applications....1295

Database Systems and Big Data Analytics....1295

Search Engines....1296

Cloud Computing....1296

Misc....1296

Future Directions....1296

Recommended Reading....1296

Distributed Hash Table....1296

Synonyms....1296

Definition....1297

Key Points....1297

Cross-References....1297

Recommended Reading....1297

Distributed Join....1297

Synonyms....1297

Definition....1297

Historical Background....1297

Foundations....1298

Site Selection....1298

Relation Transfer....1298

Local Join Processing....1299

Sequential Versus Pipelined Processing....1299

Algorithms....1300

Key Applications....1300

Experimental Results....1301

Cross-References....1301

Recommended Reading....1301

Distributed Machine Learning....1302

Synonyms....1302

Definition....1302

Historical Background....1302

Scientific Fundamentals....1302

Parallelizing Algorithms....1302

Gradient Descent....1303

Regression....1303

K-Means Clustering....1304

Ensemble Learning....1304

Frameworks....1304

Database Systems....1304

General Frameworks....1305

Purpose-Built Frameworks....1306

Key Applications....1306

Cross-References....1306

Recommended Reading....1306

Distributed Query Optimization....1307

Synonyms....1307

Definition....1307

Historical Background....1307

Foundations....1308

Fragmentation and Replication....1308

Plan Enumeration....1309

Total Cost Model and Response Time....1309

Static Versus Dynamic Distributed Query Optimization....1310

Global Versus Local, Centralized Versus Distributed Query Optimization, and Economical Models....1311

Future Directions....1311

Cross-References....1311

Recommended Reading....1311

Distributed Query Processing....1312

Synonyms....1312

Definition....1312

Historical Background....1312

Foundations....1313

Phases of Distributed Query Processing....1313

Data Localization....1314

Optimization of Distributed Queries....1315

Query Execution....1316

Key Applications....1317

Cross-References....1317

Recommended Reading....1317

Distributed Recovery....1318

Synonyms....1318

Definition....1318

Historical Background....1318

Foundations....1319

Key Applications....1320

Future Directions....1320

Cross-References....1321

Recommended Reading....1321

Distributed Spatial Databases....1321

Definition....1321

Historical Background....1321

Foundations....1322

Distributed Query Processing....1323

Distributed Spatial Indices....1325

Spatial Queries Involving Numerous Mobile Clients....1326

Key Applications....1327

Cross-References....1327

Recommended Reading....1327

Distributed Transaction Management....1328

Synonyms....1328

Definition....1328

Historical Background....1328

Foundations....1329

Distributed Transaction Management....1329

Serializability Theory....1329

Key Applications....1330

Future Directions....1331

Cross-References....1331

Recommended Reading....1331

Divergence-from-Randomness Models....1332

Synonyms....1332

Definition....1332

Historical Background....1332

Foundations....1332

Document Models....1333

Term Models....1334

Document Length Normalization....1334

Examples of Document Models....1334

Key Applications....1335

Future Directions....1335

URL to Code....1335

Cross-References....1335

Recommended Reading....1335

D-Measure....1335

Definition....1335

Main Text....1336

Cross-References....1336

Document....1336

Definition....1336

Key Points....1336

Cross-References....1337

Document Clustering....1337

Synonyms....1337

Definition....1337

Historical Background....1337

Foundations....1337

Document Representation....1338

Similarity Measures....1338

Partitional Document Clustering....1338

Criterion Function....1339

Optimization Method....1340

Agglomerative Document Clustering....1340

Evaluation of Document Clustering....1341

Key Applications....1342

URL to Code....1342

Data Sets....1342

Cross-References....1342

Recommended Reading....1342

Document Databases....1343

Synonyms....1343

Definition....1343

Historical Background....1343

Foundations....1343

Key Applications....1344

Cross-References....1344

Recommended Reading....1344

Document Field....1344

Definition....1344

Key Points....1345

Cross-References....1345

Recommended Reading....1345

Document Length Normalization....1345

Synonyms....1345

Definition....1345

Key Points....1345

Cross-References....1346

Recommended Reading....1346

Document Links and Hyperlinks....1347

Definition....1347

Key Points....1347

Cross-References....1347

Recommended Reading....1347

Document Representations (Inclusive Native and Relational)....1347

Synonyms....1347

Definition....1348

Historical Background....1348

Foundations....1349

Native Representations....1349

Page-Oriented Representations....1349

Stream-Oriented Representations....1349

Tree-Structured Representations....1350

Hybrid Representations....1351

Relational Representations....1351

Large Object Representation....1351

Shredded Representation....1351

Key Applications....1352

Cross-References....1352

Recommended Reading....1352

.NET Remoting....1353

Synonyms....1353

Definition....1353

Key Points....1353

Cross-References....1353

Recommended Reading....1354

Dublin Core....1354

Definition....1354

Historical Background....1354

Foundations....1354

Qualified Dublin Core....1355

Encoding Dublin Core....1356

Key Applications....1356

Cross-References....1356

Recommended Reading....1356

Dynamic Graphics....1357

Synonyms....1357

Definition....1357

Historical Background....1357

Foundations....1358

Key Applications....1360

Future Directions....1360

URL to Code....1360

Cross-References....1360

Recommended Reading....1361

Dynamic Web Pages....1361

Definition....1361

Key Points....1361

Cross-References....1362

E....1363

eAccessibility....1363

Definition....1363

Historical Background....1363

Foundations....1364

Key Applications....1365

Web Accessibility....1365

Media Accessibility....1365

Accessibility in Education....1366

Game Accessibility....1366

Mobile Accessibility....1366

Future Directions....1367

Cross-References....1367

Recommended Reading....1367

ECA Rule Action....1368

Definition....1368

Key Points....1369

Cross-References....1369

ECA Rule Condition....1369

Definition....1369

Key Points....1369

Cross-References....1369

ECA Rules....1369

Synonyms....1369

Definition....1369

Historical Background....1369

Foundations....1370

Cross-References....1370

Recommended Reading....1370

E-Commerce Transactions....1370

Synonyms....1370

Definition....1370

Key Points....1370

Cross-References....1371

Recommended Reading....1371

Effectiveness Involving Multiple Queries....1371

Synonyms....1371

Definition....1371

Historical Background....1372

Foundations....1372

Key Applications....1373

Data Sets....1373

URL to Code....1373

Cross-References....1373

Recommended Reading....1373

Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé Games....1374

Synonyms....1374

Definition....1374

Key Points....1374

Cross-References....1375

Recommended Reading....1375

Elasticity....1375

Synonyms....1375

Definition....1375

Cross-References....1375

References....1376

Electronic Dictionary....1376

Synonyms....1376

Definition....1376

Historical Background....1376

Foundations....1377

Key Applications....1378

Cross-References....1378

Recommended Reading....1378

Electronic Encyclopedia....1378

Synonyms....1378

Definition....1378

Key Points....1378

Cross-References....1379

Recommended Reading....1379

Electronic Health Record....1379

Synonyms....1379

Definition....1380

Historical Background....1380

Foundations....1380

Content....1381

Source....1382

Time....1382

Key Applications....1383

Cross-References....1384

Recommended Reading....1384

Electronic Ink Indexing....1385

Synonyms....1385

Definition....1385

Historical Background....1385

Foundations....1386

Electronic Ink Representation....1386

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)....1387

Representation Granularity....1388

Indexing Techniques....1388

Alphabet-Level Indexing....1389

Stroke-Level Indexing....1390

Pictogram-Level Indexing....1390

Handwritten Ink as a Special Form of Time-Sequence Data....1390

Cross-References....1390

Recommended Reading....1391

Electronic Newspapers....1391

Definition....1391

Historical Background....1391

Foundations....1392

Managing Content....1392

Metadata....1392

Digital Asset Management Systems....1392

Automated Text Processing of News Resources....1392

Information Extraction and Text Data Mining....1393

Event Detection and Tracking....1393

Commercial News Aggregators, News Summarization, and Searching....1393

Additional Services and Issues....1393

Preservation Services....1393

Rights Management....1393

Managing Multimedia News Content....1394

Presentation and Access Services....1394

Personalized Interaction....1394

Recommendations....1394

Cross-References....1394

Recommended Reading....1394

Eleven Point Precision-Recall Curve....1395

Definition....1395

Key Points....1395

Cross-References....1396

Emergent Semantics....1396

Synonyms....1396

Definition....1396

Historical Background....1396

Foundations....1397

Key Applications....1398

Cross-References....1399

Recommended Reading....1399

Emerging Pattern Based Classification....1399

Synonyms....1399

Definition....1399

Key Points....1399

Cross-References....1400

Recommended Reading....1400

Emerging Patterns....1400

Synonyms....1400

Definition....1400

Historical Background....1401

Foundations....1401

Key Applications....1402

Cross-References....1402

Recommended Reading....1402

Ensemble....1403

Synonyms....1403

Definition....1403

Historical Background....1403

Foundations....1403

Terminologies....1403

Methods....1404

Why Useful?....1405

Accuracy and Diversity....1405

Key Applications....1406

Future Directions....1406

Experimental Results....1406

Data Sets....1406

Url To Code....1406

Cross-References....1406

Recommended Reading....1406

Enterprise Application Integration....1407

Synonyms....1407

Definition....1407

Historical Background....1407

Foundations....1408

Approaches to Application Integration....1410

Connecting to Applications....1410

Standards for Application Integration....1412

Key Applications....1412

Cross-References....1413

Recommended Reading....1413

Enterprise Content Management....1413

Synonyms....1413

Definition....1413

Key Points....1414

Cross-References....1414

Recommended Reading....1414

Enterprise Service Bus....1414

Synonyms....1414

Definition....1414

Historical Background....1414

Foundations....1415

The ESB and Connectivity....1415

ESB Core Principles....1416

The ESB in an SOA Context....1416

Key Applications....1417

Cross-References....1417

Recommended Reading....1417

Enterprise Terminology Services....1417

Definition....1417

Historical Background....1417

Foundations....1418

System Architecture....1418

Key Applications....1418

Case Studies and Experiences....1418

Cross-References....1421

Recommended Reading....1421

Entity Relationship Model....1421

Synonyms....1421

Definition....1421

Historical Background....1421

Foundations....1422

Entities, Entity Types, and Attributes....1422

Relationships and Relationship Types....1422

Cardinality and Participation Constraints....1423

Attributes of a Relationship....1425

Roles....1425

Ternary Relationships....1425

Weak Entity Types....1425

ER Modeling Techniques....1426

Translation of ERDs into a Relational Schema....1426

Key Applications....1427

URL to Code....1427

Cross-References....1427

Recommended Reading....1427

Entity Resolution....1428

Synonyms....1428

Definition....1428

Historical Background....1428

Scientific Fundamentals....1429

Pairwise Matching....1429

Clustering....1429

Blocking....1430

Key Applications....1430

Data Cleaning....1430

Data Integration and Data Warehousing....1430

Experimental Results....1431

Data Sets....1431

Url to Code....1431

Cross-References....1431

Recommended Reading....1431

Entity Retrieval....1432

Synonyms....1432

Definition....1432

Historical Background....1432

Scientific Fundamentals....1433

Characteristics of Entities....1433

Ranking Term-Based Entity Representations....1433

Incorporating Type Information....1434

Exploiting and Searching Relationships....1435

Key Applications....1435

Future Directions....1435

Data Sets....1435

Cross-References....1436

Recommended Reading....1436

Equality-Generating Dependencies....1437

Synonyms....1437

Definition....1437

Key Points....1437

Cross-References....1437

Recommended Reading....1437

ERR-IA....1438

Synonyms....1438

Definition....1438

Main Text....1438

Cross-References....1438

Escrow Transactions....1438

Synonyms....1438

Definition....1438

Key Points....1439

Escrow Commits and Aborts....1440

Distributed Escrow Transactions....1440

Cross-References....1441

Recommended Reading....1441

European Law in Databases....1441

Synonyms....1441

Definition....1441

Historical Background....1441

Foundations....1441

Eligibility....1442

Scope of Rights: Extraction or Reutilization....1442

Exceptions and Limitations....1442

Key Applications....1443

Cross-References....1443

Recommended Reading....1443

Evaluation Metrics for Structured Text Retrieval....1444

Synonyms....1444

Definition....1444

Historical Background....1444

Foundations....1445

Evaluation Concepts....1445

XML Retrieval Tasks....1445

User Behavior....1446

Relevance Dimensions....1446

Quantization....1446

Ideality....1446

Construction of Ideal Sets and Lists....1447

Near Misses and Overlap....1447

Metric Properties....1447

Evaluation Metrics....1448

The inex_eval Metric....1448

The inex_eval_ng Metric....1449

The XCG Metrics....1450

Gain and Overlap....1450

XCG Metrics....1450

The T2I Metric....1451

The (E)PRUM and GR Metrics....1451

The User Model....1451

GR, PRUM and EPRUM....1452

The HiXEval Metric....1452

Key Applications....1453

Web Search....1453

Digital Libraries....1454

URL to Code....1454

Cross-References....1454

Recommended Reading....1454

Evaluation of Relational Operators....1454

Synonyms....1454

Definition....1455

Historical Background....1455

Foundations....1455

Pipelined Query Execution....1455

Selection....1455

Selection Based on Scanning....1456

Selection Based on Indexing....1456

Projection....1456

Joins....1456

Nested Loops Join....1456

Block Nested Loops Join....1457

Index Nested Loops Join....1457

Sort-Merge Join....1457

Hash Join....1458

Grace Hash Join....1458

Hybrid Hash Join....1458

Aggregation....1459

Aggregation Based on Sorting....1459

Aggregation Based on Hashing....1459

Key Applications....1460

Cross-References....1460

Recommended Reading....1460

Event and Pattern Detection over Streams....1460

Synonyms....1460

Definition....1460

Historical Background....1460

Foundations....1461

Event Pattern Query Model....1461

Event Pattern Query Processing....1462

Key Applications....1463

Future Directions....1463

Cross-References....1463

Recommended Reading....1464

Event Causality....1464

Definition....1464

Key Points....1465

Cross-References....1465

Recommended Reading....1465

Event Channel....1465

Synonyms....1465

Definition....1466

Key Points....1466

Cross-References....1466

Recommended Reading....1466

Event Cloud....1466

Definition....1466

Key Points....1466

Cross-References....1467

Recommended Reading....1467

Event Detection....1467

Synonyms....1467

Definition....1467

Historical Background....1467

Foundations....1469

Key Applications....1471

Future Directions....1471

Cross-References....1472

Recommended Reading....1472

Event Driven Architecture....1473

Synonyms....1473

Definitions....1473

Historical Background....1473

Foundations....1473

Measures for Evaluating Event Driven Applications....1473

Components of Event Driven Architectures....1474

Responders....1475

Communication Layer....1475

Administration Layer....1475

System Specification....1475

Key Applications....1476

Future Directions....1476

Cross-References....1476

Recommended Reading....1476

Event Flow....1477

Synonyms....1477

Definition....1477

Key Points....1477

Cross-References....1477

Recommended Reading....1477

Event in Active Databases....1477

Definition....1477

Key Points....1478

Cross-References....1478

Recommended Reading....1478

Event in Temporal Databases....1478

Synonyms....1478

Definition....1478

Key Points....1478

Cross-References....1479

Recommended Reading....1479

Event Lineage....1479

Synonyms....1479

Definition....1479

Key Points....1479

Cross-References....1479

Recommended Reading....1479

Event Pattern Detection....1479

Synonyms....1479

Definition....1480

Historical Background....1480

Foundations....1480

Key Applications....1481

Cross-References....1481

Recommended Reading....1482

Event Prediction....1482

Synonyms....1482

Definition....1482

Historical Background....1482

Foundations....1482

Mechanisms for Event Prediction....1483

Influencing the Occurrence of Future Events....1485

Key Applications....1486

Future Directions....1486

Cross-References....1486

Recommended Reading....1486

Event Processing Agent....1486

Synonyms....1486

Definition....1486

Key Points....1487

Cross-References....1487

Recommended Reading....1487

Event Processing Network....1487

Synonyms....1487

Definition....1487

Historical Background....1488

Foundations....1488

Event Channel....1488

Event Producer and Consumer....1489

Event Processing Agent....1489

Pattern Detection....1490

Processing....1492

Emission....1492

Key Applications....1493

Information Dissemination\Situation Awareness....1493

Active Diagnostics....1493

Real Time Enterprise....1493

Business Activity Monitoring....1493

Predictive Processing....1493

Cross-References....1493

Recommended Reading....1493

Event Sink....1493

Synonyms....1493

Definition....1493

Key Points....1493

Cross-References....1494

Recommended Reading....1494

Event Source....1494

Synonyms....1494

Definition....1494

Key Points....1494

Cross-References....1494

Recommended Reading....1494

Event Specification....1495

Synonyms....1495

Definition....1495

Historical Background....1495

Foundations....1496

Key Applications....1497

Future Directions....1498

Cross-References....1498

Recommended Reading....1498

Event Stream....1499

Synonyms....1499

Definition....1499

Key Points....1499

Cross-References....1499

Recommended Reading....1499

Event Transformation....1500

Synonyms....1500

Definition....1500

Historical Background....1500

Foundations....1500

Translation....1502

Splitting....1503

Aggregation....1504

Composition....1504

Key Applications....1504

Cross-References....1505

Recommended Reading....1505

Event-Driven Business Process Management....1505

Synonyms....1505

Definition....1505

Historical Background....1505

Foundations....1505

The Business Process Modeler....1506

The Event Modeler....1507

Event Processing Languages....1507

Relation to the Database Technology....1507

Examples....1508

Key Applications....1508

Cross-References....1508

Recommended Reading....1508

Eventual Consistency....1509

Synonyms....1509

Definition....1509

Formal Definition and Usage....1509

Cross-References....1510

Recommended Reading....1510

Evidence-Based Medicine....1510

Synonyms....1510

Definition....1510

Key Points....1510

Cross-References....1511

Recommended Reading....1511

Executable Knowledge....1511

Synonyms....1511

Definition....1511

Historical Background....1512

Scientific Fundamental....1512

Key Applications....1516

Future Directions....1517

Cross-References....1518

Recommended Reading....1518

Execution Skew....1518

Definition....1518

Key Points....1518

Cross-References....1519

Recommended Reading....1519

Expected Reciprocal Rank....1519

Synonyms....1519

Definition....1519

Main Text....1519

Cross-References....1519

Explicit Event....1520

Definition....1520

Key Points....1520

Cross-References....1520

Exploratory Data Analysis....1520

Definition....1520

Key Points....1520

Cross-References....1521

Recommended Reading....1521

Expressive Power of Query Languages....1521

Definition....1521

Historical Background....1521

Foundations....1521

Key Applications....1523

Cross-References....1523

Recommended Reading....1524

Extended Entity-Relationship Model....1524

Synonyms....1524

Definition....1524

Historical Background....1524

Scientific Fundamentals....1525

An Example of an EER Diagram....1525

The Definition Scheme for Structures....1525

Structures in Detail....1526

Attribute Types and Attribute Values....1526

Entity Types and Entity Classes....1527

Cluster Types and Cluster Classes....1527

Relationship Types and Relationship Classes....1527

Integrity Constraints....1529

Schemata....1530

Graphical Representation....1531

Key Applications....1531

Future Directions....1532

URL to Code....1533

Cross-References....1533

Recommended Reading....1533

Extended Transaction Models and the ACTA Framework....1534

Synonyms....1534

Definition....1534

Key Points....1534

Cross-References....1535

Recommended Reading....1535

Extendible Hashing....1535

Definition....1535

Historical Background....1536

Foundations....1536

Structure....1536

Overflow Handling....1536

Discussion....1537

Key Applications....1538

Cross-References....1538

Recommended Reading....1538

Extraction, Transformation, and Loading....1538

Synonyms....1538

Definition....1538

Historical Background....1538

Scientific Fundamentals....1539

Part I: General Description of an ETL Process....1539

Part II: Individual Steps....1541

Part III: Global Picture Revisited....1542

Key Applications....1544

Future Directions....1544

Data Sets....1545

Cross-References....1545

Recommended Reading....1545

F....1547

Faceted Search....1547

Synonyms....1547

Definition....1547

Historical Background....1547

Foundations....1548

An Example....1548

Faceted Organization....1549

Faceted Access....1550

Browsing....1550

Searching (and Integrated Browsing and Searching)....1552

Scale and Details....1552

Key Applications....1552

Future Directions....1553

Cross-References....1553

Recommended Reading....1553

Fault Tolerance and High Availability in Data Stream Management Systems....1554

Definition....1554

Historical Background....1554

Foundations....1555

Techniques for Handling Crash Failures....1555

Active Replicas....1556

Passive Replicas....1556

Failure Recovery....1557

Trade-Offs Among Crash Failure Techniques....1558

Techniques for Handling Network Partitions....1559

Optimizations....1559

Flux: Integrating Fault Tolerance and Load Balancing....1559

Leveraging Replication for Availability and Performance in Wide Area Networks....1559

Passive Standby: Distributed Checkpointing and Parallel Recovery....1560

Key Applications....1560

Future Directions....1560

Experimental Results....1560

URL to Code....1560

Cross-References....1560

Recommended Reading....1560

Feature Extraction for Content-Based Image Retrieval....1561

Synonyms....1561

Definition....1561

Historical Background....1561

Foundations....1562

Key Applications....1565

Cross-References....1565

Recommended Reading....1565

Feature Selection for Clustering....1565

Definition....1565

Historical Background....1566

Foundations....1568

An Example of a Filter-Global Method....1568

Distance-Based Entropy Measure....1569

Other Methods....1570

Trace Measure....1570

EM Method....1570

Conceptual Clustering....1570

Important Applications....1571

URL....1571

Cross-References....1572

Recommended Reading....1572

Feature-Based 3D Object Retrieval....1573

Synonyms....1573

Definition....1573

Historical Background....1573

Foundations....1574

Common Requirements of 3D Feature Extraction....1574

3D Feature Extraction Process Model....1574

3D Feature Types....1575

Query Modalities....1575

Efficient 3D Object Retrieval....1575

Key Applications....1576

Industrial Applications....1576

Medicine....1576

Molecular Biology....1576

Cultural Heritage....1576

Future Directions....1576

Experimental Results....1576

Cross-References....1576

Recommended Reading....1577

Field-Based Information Retrieval Models....1577

Definition....1577

Historical Background....1577

Foundations....1578

Key Applications....1580

Future Directions....1580

Data Sets....1581

Cross-References....1581

Recommended Reading....1581

Field-Based Spatial Modeling....1582

Definition....1582

Historical Background....1582

Foundations....1584

Key Applications....1586

Future Directions....1587

Cross-References....1588

Recommended Reading....1588

First-Order Logic: Semantics....1588

Synonyms....1588

Definition....1588

Key Points....1589

Cross-References....1590

Recommended Reading....1590

First-Order Logic: Syntax....1590

Synonyms....1590

Definition....1590

Key Points....1590

Recommended Reading....1592

Fixed Time Span....1592

Synonyms....1592

Definition....1592

Key Points....1592

Cross-References....1592

Recommended Reading....1592

Flex Transactions....1592

Synonyms....1592

Definition....1592

Key Points....1593

Cross-References....1593

Recommended Reading....1593

FM Synopsis....1593

Synonyms....1593

Definition....1594

Historical Background....1594

Foundations....1594

Optimizations....1595

Extensions....1597

Key Applications....1597

Experimental Results....1598

Cross-References....1598

Recommended Reading....1598

F-Measure....1598

Synonyms....1598

Definition....1598

Key Points....1599

Cross-References....1599

Focused Web Crawling....1599

Synonyms....1599

Definition....1599

Historical Background....1599

Foundations....1600

Setting Crawl Priorities Using Web Graph Properties....1600

Basic Topic-Focused Crawler....1601

Focused Crawling Using Context Graphs....1602

Training a Focused Crawler Online....1602

Reinforcement Learning Using Markov Models....1604

Key Applications....1606

Future Directions....1606

Cross-References....1606

Recommended Reading....1607

FOL Modeling of Integrity Constraints (Dependencies)....1607

Synonyms....1607

Definition....1607

Historical Background....1608

Foundations....1608

Functional Dependencies....1608

Key Dependencies....1609

Join Dependencies....1609

Multi-Valued Dependencies....1609

Inclusion Dependencies....1609

Foreign Key Dependencies....1610

Expressing Dependencies in First-Order Logic....1610

Embedded Dependencies....1610

Functional Dependencies....1610

Join Dependencies....1610

Inclusion Dependencies....1611

Other Classes of Dependencies....1611

Other Constraints....1611

Cardinality Constraints....1611

Domain Constraints....1611

Representational Constraints....1612

Key Applications....1612

Schema Design....1612

Automatic Integrity Enforcement....1613

Query Optimization....1613

A Unified View of Dependencies....1613

Cross-References....1613

Recommended Reading....1613

Forever....1614

Synonyms....1614

Definition....1614

Key Points....1614

Cross-References....1615

Recommended Reading....1615

Form....1615

Synonyms....1615

Definition....1615

Historical Background....1615

Foundations....1617

Form Composition....1617

Generating Forms....1618

Key Applications....1619

Business Database Applications....1619

End-User Programming and Domain Specific Application Development....1619

Ubiquitous Computing....1619

Data Quality....1619

Meta-data Capture....1619

Knowledge Bases....1620

Cross-References....1620

Recommended Reading....1620

Fourth Normal Form....1620

Synonyms....1620

Definition....1620

Key Points....1621

Cross-References....1621

Recommended Reading....1621

FQL....1621

Definition....1621

Key Points....1622

Cross-References....1622

Recommended Reading....1622

Fractal....1622

Synonyms....1622

Definition....1622

Key Points....1622

Cross-References....1623

Recommended Reading....1623

Frequency Moments....1624

Synonyms....1624

Definition....1624

Key Points....1624

Cross-References....1625

Recommended Reading....1625

Frequent Graph Patterns....1625

Synonyms....1625

Definition....1625

Historical Background....1626

Foundations....1626

Canonical Adjacency Matrix....1626

CAM Tree....1628

Frequent Subgraph Mining of a Graph Database....1628

FFSM....1629

FFSM-Explore....1629

Key Applications....1629

Pattern Discovery from Chemical Structures....1630

Pattern Discovery from Protein Structures....1630

Cross-References....1630

Recommended Reading....1630

Frequent Items on Streams....1630

Synonyms....1630

Definition....1631

Historical Background....1631

Foundations....1631

Problem Approximations....1631

Proposed Algorithms....1631

Counter-Based Techniques....1631

Sketch-Based Techniques....1633

Generalizations....1633

Generalization for Weighted Updates....1634

Generalization for Time Decay and Sliding Window....1634

Generalization for Distributed Streams....1634

Key Applications....1635

Experimental Results....1635

Cross-References....1636

Recommended Reading....1636

Frequent Itemset Mining with Constraints....1637

Synonyms....1637

Definition....1637

Historical Background....1637

Foundations....1638

Key Applications....1641

Data Sets....1641

Cross-References....1641

Recommended Reading....1642

Frequent Itemsets and Association Rules....1642

Synonyms....1642

Definition....1642

Historical Background....1642

Scientific Fundamentals....1643

Key Applications....1644

Association and Correlation Analysis....1644

Frequent Pattern-Based Classification and Clustering....1645

Biological Data Analysis....1645

Web Mining and Software Bug Mining....1645

Future Directions....1645

Experimental Results....1646

Data Sets....1646

URL to Code....1646

Cross-References....1646

Recommended Reading....1646

Frequent Partial Orders....1647

Definition....1647

Historical Background....1647

Foundations....1647

Finding Frequent Closed Partial Orders Using Frequent Itemset Mining Algorithms....1648

Finding Transitive Reductions of Frequent Closed Partial Orders Directly....1649

Key Applications....1649

Cross-References....1650

Recommended Reading....1650

Fully Automatic Web Data Extraction....1650

Synonyms....1650

Definition....1650

Historical Background....1650

Foundations....1651

Key Applications....1652

Data Sets....1653

Cross-References....1653

Recommended Reading....1653

Functional Data Model....1654

Definition....1654

Historical Background....1654

Foundations....1655

Semantic Web Vision and RDFS....1656

Mapping a Functional Model to RDFS....1656

Constraints....1656

Updating Functional Data....1657

Key Applications....1658

Future Directions....1658

URL to Code....1658

Cross-References....1658

Recommended Reading....1658

Functional Dependencies for Semistructured Data....1659

Synonyms....1659

Definition....1659

Key Points....1659

Cross-References....1661

Recommended Reading....1661

Functional Dependency....1661

Synonyms....1661

Definition....1661

Key Points....1661

Cross-References....1662

Recommended Reading....1662

Functional Query Language....1662

Definition....1662

Historical Background....1662

Foundations....1663

Comprehensions in P/FDM and Constraints....1664

Comprehensions in Kleisli – Records, Lists and Mixed Types....1664

Comprehensions in FDL and PFL....1665

Key Applications....1665

Future Directions....1665

URL to Code....1666

Cross-References....1666

Recommended Reading....1666

Fuzzy Models....1666

Synonyms....1666

Definition....1666

Historical Background....1667

Scientific Fundamentals....1667

Generalizations of the Boolean Query Language....1667

A Flexible Extension of XQuery Full-Text....1669

Flexible Indexing of Semi-structured Documents....1669

Fuzzy Associative Mechanisms....1670

Prioritized Aggregation of Multiple Relevance Assessments....1670

Fuzzy Approaches to Distributed Information Retrieval....1671

Key Applications....1671

Cross-References....1671

Recommended Reading....1671

Fuzzy Relation....1672

Definition....1672

Key Points....1672

Cross-References....1672

Recommended Reading....1672

Fuzzy Set....1672

Definition....1672

Key Points....1673

Cross-References....1673

Recommended Reading....1673

Fuzzy Set Approach....1674

Synonyms....1674

Definition....1674

Historical Background....1674

Scientific Fundamentals....1675

Key Applications....1677

Cross-Reference....1678

Recommended Reading....1678

Fuzzy/Linguistic IF-THEN Rules and Linguistic Descriptions....1678

Definition....1678

Key Points....1679

Cross-References....1679

Recommended Reading....1679

G....1680

Gazetteers....1680

Synonyms....1680

Definition....1680

Key Points....1680

Cross-References....1681

Recommended Reading....1681

Gene Expression Arrays....1681

Definition....1681

Historical Background....1681

Foundations....1681

Key Applications....1682

Future Directions....1684

Data Sets....1684

Cross-References....1684

Recommended Reading....1684

Generalization of ACID Properties....1684

Synonyms....1684

Definition....1685

Key Points....1685

Cross-References....1686

Recommended Reading....1686

Generalized Search Tree....1686

Synonyms....1686

Definition....1686

Historical Background....1686

Foundations....1687

Key Applications....1687

URL to Code....1688

Cross-References....1688

Recommended Reading....1688

Genetic Algorithms....1688

Synonyms....1688

Definition....1688

Historical Background....1689

Foundations....1689

Key Applications....1691

Experimental Results....1691

Cross-References....1692

Recommended Reading....1692

Geo Raster Data Management....1692

Definition....1692

Historical Background....1692

Scientific Fundamentals....1695

Key Applications....1697

Satellite Imagery....1697

Atmospheric Modeling....1697

Future Directions....1697

Experimental Results....1699

Data Sets....1699

Url to Code....1699

Cross-References....1699

Recommended Reading....1700

Geographic Information System....1700

Synonyms....1700

Definition....1700

Historical Background....1701

Foundations....1701

Key Applications....1704

Future Directions....1704

Cross-References....1705

Recommended Reading....1705

Geographical Information Retrieval....1705

Definition....1705

Historical Background....1705

Foundations....1706

Detecting Geographic References....1706

Disambiguating Place Names....1707

Vague Geographic Terminology....1707

Spatial and Textual Indexing....1707

Geographical Relevance Ranking....1708

User Interfaces....1708

User Studies and Evaluation....1709

Key Applications....1709

Cross-References....1709

Recommended Reading....1709

Geography Markup Language....1710

Synonyms....1710

Definition....1710

Historical Background....1710

Scientific Fundamentals....1711

Base and Application Schema....1711

Profiles....1711

Key Applications....1712

Schemas for GML....1712

Examples....1713

Cross-References....1713

Recommended Reading....1713

Geometric Stream Mining....1713

Definition....1713

Historical Background....1714

Foundations....1714

Stream Models....1714

Classes of Problems....1714

Range Counting and Robust Statistics....1714

Extent Measures....1714

Geometric Graphs....1714

Nearest Neighbor and Skyline....1715

General Techniques....1715

Merge and Reduce....1715

Reduction to Vector Problems....1717

Random Sampling....1718

Key Applications....1719

Cross-References....1719

Recommended Reading....1719

GEO-RBAC Model....1719

Synonyms....1719

Definition....1720

Key Points....1720

Cross-References....1721

Recommended Reading....1721

Georeferencing....1721

Synonyms....1721

Definition....1721

Historical Background....1722

Foundations....1722

Technical Background....1722

Georeferencing Techniques....1723

Datasets....1724

Documents....1724

Maps....1724

Photographs....1724

Imagery....1724

Key Applications....1724

Cross-References....1725

Recommended Reading....1725

Geo-Social Networks....1725

Synonyms....1725

Definition....1725

Historical Background....1725

Foundations....1726

Data Management....1726

GeoSN Queries....1726

Recommendations and Predictions....1726

Metrics....1726

Properties....1727

Privacy....1727

Key Applications....1727

Future Directions....1727

Datasets....1727

URL to Code....1727

Recommended Reading....1727

Geospatial Metadata....1728

Synonyms....1728

Definition....1728

Historical Background....1728

Foundations....1729

GML: The Geography Markup Language....1730

Geospatial Metadata Catalog....1730

Cross-References....1730

Recommended Reading....1730

Geo-Targeted Web Search....1730

Synonyms....1730

Definition....1730

Historical Background....1730

Foundations....1731

Geo Parsing and Geo Coding....1731

Indexing and Query Execution....1732

Geographic Search Queries....1734

Key Applications....1734

Future Directions....1734

Cross-References....1735

Recommended Reading....1735

GMAP....1735

Synonyms....1735

Definition....1736

Key Points....1736

Cross-References....1736

Recommended Reading....1736

Grammar Inference....1736

Synonyms....1736

Definition....1736

Historical Background....1737

Foundations....1738

Key Applications....1739

Cross-References....1740

Recommended Reading....1740

Graph....1740

Synonyms....1740

Definition....1740

Key Points....1741

Cross-References....1741

Recommended Reading....1741

Graph Data Management in Scientific Applications....1741

Synonyms....1741

Definition....1741

Historical Background....1742

Foundations....1742

Graphs in Science....1742

Data Management for Large Graphs....1742

Data Management for Large Collections of Graphs....1743

Some Data Management Techniques....1743

Key Applications....1744

Cross-References....1744

Recommended Reading....1744

Graph Database....1744

Synonyms....1744

Definition....1745

Historical Background....1745

Foundations....1745

Key Applications....1747

Cross-References....1747

Recommended Reading....1747

Graph Management in the Life Sciences....1748

Definition....1748

Historical Background....1749

Foundations....1749

Types and Models of Graphs....1749

Properties of Biological Networks....1749

Graph Databases....1750

Graph Query Languages....1750

Graph Mining....1751

Key Applications....1751

Graph-Based Function Prediction....1751

Managing Biological Ontologies....1751

Management of Phylogenetic Trees....1752

Visualization of Biological Networks....1752

Future Directions....1752

URL to Code....1752

Cross-References....1753

Recommended Reading....1753

Graph Mining....1753

Synonyms....1753

Definition....1754

Historical Background....1754

Scientific Fundamentals....1754

Key Applications....1755

Graph Query Processing....1755

Graph Classification....1755

Future Directions....1755

Cross-References....1755

Recommended Reading....1755

Graph Mining on Streams....1756

Synonyms....1756

Definition....1756

Historical Background....1757

Foundations....1757

Key Applications....1760

Future Directions....1760

Cross-References....1760

Recommended Reading....1760

Graph OLAP....1761

Synonyms....1761

Definition....1761

Historical Background....1761

Scientific Fundamentals....1762

Key Applications....1765

Attributed Graphs Data Management Systems....1765

Decision Making Systems Over Graphs....1765

Future Directions....1765

Cross-References....1765

Recommended Reading....1765

Graphical Models for Uncertain Data Management....1766

Synonyms....1766

Definition....1766

Historical Background....1766

Scientific Fundamentals....1767

Key Applications....1772

Future Directions....1772

Recommended Reading....1772

Grid and Workflows....1773

Synonyms....1773

Definition....1773

Historical Background....1773

Foundations....1774

Key Applications....1774

Future Directions....1774

Experimental Results....1774

Cross-References....1776

Recommended Reading....1776

Grid File (and Family)....1776

Definition....1776

Historical Background....1777

Foundations....1777

Key Applications....1779

Spatial Databases....1779

Data Mining....1779

Data Warehouses....1780

Future Directions....1780

Experimental Results....1780

Cross-References....1780

Recommended Reading....1780

GUIs for Web Data Extraction....1780

Synonyms....1780

Definition....1780

Historical Background....1781

Foundations....1782

Key Applications....1784

Cross-References....1784

Recommended Reading....1784

H....1785

Hash Functions....1785

Synonyms....1785

Definition....1785

Key Points....1785

Cross-References....1786

Recommended Reading....1786

Hash Join....1786

Synonyms....1786

Definition....1786

Key Points....1786

Cross-References....1787

Recommended Reading....1787

Hash-Based Indexing....1787

Synonyms....1787

Definition....1787

Key Points....1787

Cross-References....1788

Recommended Reading....1788

Hierarchical Clustering....1788

Definition....1788

Historical Background....1789

Foundations....1789

Key Applications....1792

Cross-References....1792

Recommended Reading....1792

Hierarchical Data Model....1793

Synonyms....1793

Definition....1793

Historical Background....1793

Foundations....1793

Graphs and Hierarchies....1794

Preliminary Definitions....1794

Properties of Hierarchies....1794

IMS Data Structures....1795

The IMS Global Schema....1795

The IMS Logical Database....1796

Additional Constructs....1797

Entity-Relationship to Hierarchical Mapping....1797

Key Applications....1798

Cross-References....1798

Recommended Reading....1798

Hierarchical Data Summarization....1799

Synonyms....1799

Definition....1799

Historical Background....1799

Scientific Fundamentals....1800

Key Applications....1804

Future Directions....1804

URL to Code....1804

Cross-References....1804

Recommended Reading....1805

Hierarchical Heavy Hitter Mining on Streams....1805

Synonyms....1805

Definition....1806

Historical Background....1806

Foundations....1806

Key Applications....1808

Experimental Results....1808

Cross-References....1808

Recommended Reading....1809

Hierarchy....1809

Definition....1809

Key Points....1809

Cross-References....1810

Recommended Reading....1810

High-Dimensional Indexing....1810

Synonyms....1810

Definition....1811

Historical Background....1811

Foundations....1811

TV-Tree....1812

SS-Tree....1812

X-Tree....1812

Cost Model-Based Optimization Techniques....1813

Pyramid Technique....1814

VA-File....1814

IQ-Tree....1814

iDistance....1815

Modern Hardware....1816

Key Applications....1816

Cross-References....1817

Recommended Reading....1817

Histogram....1818

Definition....1818

Key Points....1818

Cross-References....1819

Recommended Reading....1819

Histograms on Streams....1819

Synonyms....1819

Definition....1819

Historical Background....1819

Foundations....1820

Key Applications....1822

Cross-References....1823

Recommended Reading....1823

History in Temporal Databases....1823

Synonyms....1823

Definition....1823

Key Points....1823

Cross-References....1824

Recommended Reading....1824

Homomorphic Encryption....1824

Definition....1824

Key Points....1824

RSA....1824

El Gamal....1824

Goldwasser-Micali....1825

Paillier....1825

Fully Homomorphic Encryption....1825

Cross-References....1825

Recommended Reading....1825

Horizontally Partitioned Data....1825

Synonyms....1825

Definition....1825

Historical Background....1825

Foundations....1826

Key Applications....1826

Future Directions....1827

Cross-References....1827

Recommended Reading....1827

Human Factors Modeling in Crowdsourcing....1827

Synonyms....1827

Definition....1828

Historical Background....1828

Foundations....1829

Taxonomy of Human Factors....1829

Integrating Human Factors in Crowdsourcing....1831

Key Applications....1832

Future Directions....1832

Recommended Reading....1832

Human-Centered Computing: Application to Multimedia....1833

Synonyms....1833

Definition....1833

Historical Background....1834

Foundations....1835

Key Applications....1835

Ambient Intelligence and Personal Spaces....1836

Ubiquitous Computing....1836

Data Analysis and Data Interaction....1836

Virtual Environments....1836

Art....1836

Persons with Disabilities....1837

Other Applications....1837

Cross-References....1837

Recommended Reading....1837

Human-Computer Interaction....1838

Synonyms....1838

Definition....1838

Historical Background....1838

Foundations....1839

Usability....1839

Observation and Empirical Data....1839

Design and Methodology....1839

Representation and Analysis....1840

Implementation and User Interface Architecture....1841

Key Applications....1841

Future Directions....1841

Cross-References....1842

Recommended Reading....1842

Hypertexts....1843

Synonyms....1843

Definition....1843

Key Points....1843

Cross-References....1843

Recommended Reading....1843

I....1844

I/O Model of Computation....1844

Synonyms....1844

Definition....1844

Key Points....1844

Cross-References....1845

Recommended Reading....1845

Icon....1845

Synonyms....1845

Definition....1845

Key Points....1845

Cross-References....1846

Recommended Reading....1846

Iconic Displays....1846

Synonyms....1846

Definition....1846

Historical Background....1846

Foundations....1847

Perceptual Foundations....1847

Iconographics....1847

Stick Figure Icons....1848

Color Icons....1850

Kinetic Displays and Moxels....1850

Key Applications....1852

Data Sets....1853

Cross-References....1853

Recommended Reading....1853

Image....1853

Synonyms....1853

Definition....1854

Historical Background....1854

Foundations....1855

Image Acquisition....1855

Image Representation....1856

Image Processing and Analysis....1856

Computer Vision....1856

Image Synthesis....1857

Computer Graphics....1857

Image-Based Rendering....1858

Image Indexing and Retrieval....1858

Key Applications....1859

Cross-References....1859

Recommended Reading....1859

Image Content Modeling....1860

Synonyms....1860

Definition....1860

Historical Background....1860

Scientific Fundamentals....1862

Key Applications....1864

Cross-References....1864

Recommended Reading....1864

Image Database....1864

Synonyms....1864

Definition....1864

Historical Background....1865

Scientific Fundamentals....1865

Image Database Schema....1866

Index Structures....1866

Query Optimization....1867

Database Extensions to Support Images....1867

Standardized Query Extension for Multimedia: SQL/MM and JPSearch....1868

Key Applications....1868

Surveillance Systems....1868

Medical Diagnosis Supporting Systems....1868

Web Search....1869

Cross-References....1869

Recommended Reading....1869

Image Management for Biological Data....1869

Synonyms....1869

Definition....1869

Historical Background....1869

Foundations....1870

Content-Based Similarity Search....1870

Summarization....1870

Key Applications....1870

Electronic Notebook....1870

Sharing and Exploration....1871

Analysis....1872

Future Directions....1872

Cross-References....1872

Recommended Reading....1873

Image Metadata....1873

Synonyms....1873

Definition....1873

Historical Background....1874

Foundations....1875

Content Description Based on Invariant Features....1876

Content Description Based on Semantic Features....1876

Interpretation of Features....1877

Image Interpretation Based on High-Level Semantic Metadata....1878

Dublin Core [18]....1878

MPEG-7 [12]....1878

The W3c's Incubator Group [20]....1879

Key Applications....1879

Future Directions....1880

Cross-References....1880

Recommended Reading....1880

Image Querying....1881

Synonyms....1881

Definition....1881

Historical Background....1882

Foundations....1883

Matching Type....1883

Ranking Model....1884

Key Applications....1885

Cross-References....1886

Recommended Reading....1886

Image Representation....1886

Synonyms....1886

Definition....1886

Historical Background....1887

Foundations....1887

Basics of Image Representation....1887

Image Compression....1888

Run-Length Encoding....1888

Huffman Coding....1888

LZW Coding....1889

JPEG Compression....1889

File Formats....1889

Metadata Representation....1890

Image Content Representation....1891

Key Applications....1891

Future Directions....1892

Cross-References....1892

Recommended Reading....1892

Image Retrieval and Relevance Feedback....1893

Definition....1893

Historical Background....1893

Scientific Fundamentals....1893

Relevance Feedback Methods....1894

Learners....1894

Selection Criteria....1895

Temporal Structure of the Session....1896

Evaluation of Relevance Feedback in Image Retrieval....1896

Key Applications....1897

Future Directions....1897

Cross-References....1897

Recommended Reading....1898

Image Segmentation....1898

Synonyms....1898

Definition....1898

Historical Background....1898

Foundations....1899

Thresholding....1899

Object (Component) Labeling....1900

Locating Object Contours by the Snake Model....1900

The Traditional Snake Model....1900

The Improved Snake Model....1901

The Gravitation External Force Field and the Greedy Algorithm....1902

Experimental Results....1902

Automatic Seeded Region Growing....1902

Overview of the Improved Seeded Region Growing Algorithm....1903

The Method for Automatic Seed Selection....1903

The Segmentation Algorithm....1905

Key Applications....1905

Cross-References....1905

Recommended Reading....1905

Image Similarity....1906

Synonyms....1906

Definition....1906

Historical Background....1906

Foundations....1907

Image Descriptors....1907

Similarity Measures....1908

Key Applications....1910

Content-Based Multimedia Information Retrieval/Multimedia Database....1910

Object Recognition....1910

Medical/Satellite/Surveillance Applications....1910

Future Directions....1911

Cross-References....1911

Recommended Reading....1911

Implication of Constraints....1911

Synonyms....1911

Definition....1911

Historical Background....1912

Foundations....1912

Constraints (Data Dependencies)....1912

Unrestricted Implication Versus Finite Implication....1913

Implication Versus Satisfiability....1913

Finite Axiomatizability....1914

Complexity of Implication Analyses....1915

View Dependencies....1916

Key Applications....1916

Future Directions....1916

Cross-References....1916

Recommended Reading....1917

Implications of Genomics for Clinical Informatics....1917

Synonyms....1917

Definition....1917

Historical Background....1917

Foundations....1918

Integrating Genetic Data into the Clinical Record....1918

Key Applications....1918

Laboratory Information Management Systems for Genetic Laboratories....1918

Knowledgebases and Reporting Systems for Genetic Laboratories....1919

Integrated Clinical and Genetic Medical Record....1920

Clinical Decision Support....1920

Cross-References....1921

Recommended Reading....1921

Implicit Event....1922

Definition....1922

Key Points....1922

Cross-References....1922

Incomplete Information....1922

Synonyms....1922

Definition....1922

Historical Background....1923

Foundations....1924

Key Applications....1926

Future Directions....1927

Recommended Reading....1928

Inconsistent Databases....1928

Definition....1928

Historical Background....1928

Foundations....1928

Key Applications....1932

Future Directions....1932

Cross-References....1932

Recommended Reading....1932

Incremental Computation of Queries....1933

Synonyms....1933

Definition....1933

Historical Background....1933

Foundations....1934

Incremental Computation of Relational-Algebra Queries....1934

Incremental Computation of Recursive Queries....1935

Key Applications....1936

Future Directions....1936

Cross-References....1936

Recommended Reading....1936

Incremental Crawling....1936

Synonyms....1936

Definition....1937

Historical Background....1937

Foundations....1937

Metrics for Incremental Crawling....1938

Incentives and Cooperation....1938

Cache Consistency....1939

Resource Management....1939

Key Applications....1940

Future Directions....1940

Experimental Results....1940

Cross-References....1940

Recommended Reading....1940

Incremental Maintenance of Views with Aggregates....1941

Definition....1941

Historical Background....1941

Foundations....1941

Cross-References....1945

Recommended Reading....1945

Index Creation and File Structures....1945

Synonyms....1945

Definition....1945

Historical Background....1945

Foundations....1946

Key Applications....1947

Cross-References....1947

Recommended Reading....1948

Index Join....1948

Synonyms....1948

Definition....1948

Key Points....1948

Cross-References....1948

Recommended Reading....1948

Index Structures for Biological Sequences....1948

Definition....1948

Historical Background....1949

Foundations....1949

Hash Tables....1949

Suffix Trees....1950

Suffix Arrays....1950

Reference-Based Indexing....1950

Vector Space Indexing....1952

Key Applications....1953

Data Sets....1953

Cross-References....1953

Recommended Reading....1953

Index Tuning....1954

Definition....1954

Historical Background....1954

Foundations....1954

Key Applications....1956

Experimental Results....1956

Covering Experiment....1956

URL to Code and Data Sets....1956

Cross-References....1956

Recommended Reading....1956

Indexed Sequential Access Method....1957

Synonyms....1957

Definition....1957

Historical Background....1957

Foundations....1957

Key Applications....1959

Cross-References....1960

Recommended Reading....1960

Indexing and Similarity Search....1960

Synonyms....1960

Definition....1960

Historical Background....1960

Foundations....1961

Key Applications....1961

R-Trees....1961

VP-Trees....1962

Cross-References....1963

Recommended Reading....1963

Indexing Compressed Text....1964

Synonyms....1964

Definition....1964

Historical Background....1964

Foundations....1965

The FM-Index Family....1966

Other Compressed Indexes....1969

Key Applications....1969

Future Directions....1969

Experimental Results....1970

Data Sets....1970

URL to Code....1970

Cross-References....1970

Recommended Reading....1970

Indexing Historical Spatiotemporal Data....1971

Synonyms....1971

Definition....1971

Historical Background....1971

Foundations....1971

Key Applications....1973

Moving Object Databases....1973

Recommended Reading....1974

Indexing in Pub/Sub Systems....1974

Synonyms....1974

Definition....1974

Historical Background....1975

Scientific Fundamentals....1976

Future Directions....1978

Key Applications....1978

Cross-References....1979

Recommended Reading....1979

Indexing Metric Spaces....1979

Synonyms....1979

Definition....1979

Historical Background....1980

Foundations....1981

Key Applications....1981

Future Directions....1982

Experimental Results....1982

Data Sets....1983

URL to Code....1983

Cross-References....1983

Recommended Reading....1983

Indexing of Data Warehouses....1983

Synonyms....1983

Definition....1983

Historical Background....1984

Foundations....1984

Join and Star Indices....1986

Key Applications....1986

Cross-References....1987

Recommended Reading....1987

Indexing of the Current and Near-Future Positions of Moving Objects....1987

Definition....1987

Historical Background....1988

Foundations....1989

Data and Queries....1989

The Structure of the TPR-Tree....1989

Querying the TPR-Tree....1990

Updating the TPR-Tree....1990

Duality-Transformation Approach....1991

Key Applications....1991

Online, Position-Aware People, Vehicles, and Other Objects....1991

Process Monitoring....1991

Future Directions....1992

URL to Code....1992

Cross-References....1992

Recommended Reading....1992

Indexing Techniques for Multimedia Data Retrieval....1993

Synonyms....1993

Definition....1993

Historical Background....1993

Scientific Foundations....1993

Tree Structures....1994

Data Transformation....1994

Quantization....1995

Hashing....1996

Key Applications....1997

Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval....1997

Near-Duplicate Video Retrieval....1997

Automatic Multimedia Tagging....1997

Object Detection....1997

Video Tracking....1998

Cross-References....1998

Recommended Reading....1998

Indexing the Web....1999

Synonyms....1999

Definition....1999

Historical Background....1999

Foundations....2000

Introduction....2000

Data Structures to Support Automatic Indexing....2001

Challenges and Design Factors in Automatic Indexing....2001

Key Applications....2003

Cross-References....2003

Recommended Reading....2003

Indexing Uncertain Data....2003

Synonyms....2003

Definition....2004

Historical Background....2004

Foundations....2004

Key Applications....2008

Future Directions....2008

URL to Code....2009

Cross-References....2009

Recommended Reading....2009

Indexing Units of Structured Text Retrieval....2010

Synonyms....2010

Definition....2010

Historical Background....2010

Foundations....2011

Toy Story....2011

Cross-References....2014

Recommended Reading....2014

Indexing with Crowds....2014

Synonyms....2014

Definition....2014

Historical Background....2015

Indexing Data Using the Crowds....2015

Indexing the Crowds....2015

Scientific Fundamentals....2015

Indexing Data Using the Crowds....2015

Tree-Based Crowd Indexing....2016

Hash-Based Crowd Indexing....2016

Indexing the Crowds....2016

Skill-Based Worker Indexing....2016

Spatial Worker Indexing....2017

Cross-References....2017

Recommended Reading....2017

Individually Identifiable Data....2018

Synonyms....2018

Definition....2018

Key Points....2018

Cross-References....2018

Recommended Reading....2019

Inference Control in Statistical Databases....2019

Synonyms....2019

Definition....2019

Historical Background....2019

Foundations....2019

Key Applications....2021

Future Directions....2022

Cross-References....2022

Recommended Reading....2022

Information Extraction....2023

Definition....2023

Historical Background....2024

Entity Detection and Recognition....2024

Relation Detection and Recognition....2024

Event Detection and Recognition....2024

Entity Translation....2024

Foundations....2025

Pattern Matching Based IE....2025

Machine Learning Based IE....2025

Trainable Name Tagging....2026

Trainable Coreference Resolution....2026

Trainable Relation Detection....2026

Trainable Event Detection....2027

Key Applications....2027

Future Directions....2027

Experimental Results....2028

Data Sets....2028

URL to Code....2028

Cross-References....2029

Recommended Reading....2029

Information Filtering....2029

Synonyms....2029

Definition....2029

Historical Background....2030

Foundations....2030

Organization of a Filtering System....2030

Profile Building and Evolution....2031

Comparison Procedure....2031

Relevance Feedback....2032

Named Entities in Filtering....2032

Thematic Filtering Versus Event Filtering....2032

Evaluation of Filtering Systems....2032

Key Applications....2033

Cross-References....2033

Recommended Reading....2033

Information Foraging....2033

Synonyms....2033

Definition....2033

Historical Background....2034

Foundations....2034

Key Applications....2038

Engineering Models of Browser Use....2038

Novel Search and Browsing Interfaces....2038

Usability Guidelines....2038

Future Directions....2039

Cross-References....2039

Recommended Reading....2039

Information Integration....2039

Synonyms....2039

Definition....2039

Historical Background....2040

Foundations....2040

Information Integration Architecture....2040

Schema Mediation Languages....2042

Generating Schema Mappings....2043

Query Processing....2044

Related Data Management Architectures....2044

The Information Integration Industry....2045

Key Applications....2045

Future Directions....2045

Cross-References....2046

Recommended Reading....2046

Information Integration Techniques for Scientific Data....2046

Definition....2046

Historical Background....2046

Foundations....2047

Semantic Heterogeneity....2047

Role of Metadata in Managing Semantic Heterogeneity....2047

Functional Relationships....2047

Non-schematic Integration....2048

New Issues....2048

Interactive Information Integration....2048

Quality of Integration....2048

Key Applications....2048

BIRN....2048

Data Foundry....2049

GEON....2049

Cross-References....2049

Recommended Reading....2049

Information Lifecycle Management....2049

Synonyms....2049

Definition....2049

Key Points....2050

Cross-References....2050

Recommended Reading....2050

Information Loss Measures....2050

Synonyms....2050

Definition....2050

Key Points....2051

Cross-References....2052

Recommended Reading....2052

Information Navigation....2052

Synonyms....2052

Definition....2052

Key Points....2053

Recommended Reading....2054

Information Quality and Decision-Making....2054

Synonyms....2054

Definition....2054

Historical Background....2054

Foundations....2055

Key Applications....2057

Future Directions....2057

Experimental Results....2057

Cross-References....2057

Recommended Reading....2058

Information Quality Assessment....2058

Synonyms....2058

Definition....2058

Historical Background....2059

Foundations....2059

Key Applications....2061

Cross-References....2061

Recommended Reading....2061

Information Quality Policy and Strategy....2061

Synonyms....2061

Definition....2062

Historical Background....2062

Foundations....2062

Treat Information as a Product, Not By-Product....2062

Establish and Maintain Information Quality as a Part of the Business Agenda....2062

Ensure That Information Quality Policy and Procedures are Aligned with Business Strategy, Business Policy, and Business Processes....2063

Establish Clearly Defined Information Quality Roles and Responsibilities as Part of Organizational Structure....2063

Ensure Data Architecture is Aligned with Enterprise Architecture....2063

Be Proactive in Managing Changing Data Needs....2063

Have Practical Data Standards in Place....2064

Plan for and Implement Pragmatic Methods to Identify and Solve Data Quality Problems, and Have in Place a Means to Periodically Review Data Quality Practice and the Data Product....2064

Foster an Environment Conducive to Learning and Innovating with Respect to Data Quality Activities....2064

Establish a Mechanism to Resolve Disputes and Conflicts Among Different Stakeholders....2065

Key Applications....2065

Future Directions....2065

Cross-References....2066

Recommended Reading....2066

Information Quality: Managing Information as a Product....2066

Definition....2066

Historical Background....2067

Foundations....2067

The Needs of Information Consumers....2067

Processes for Producing High-Quality Information....2069

The Life Cycle of Information Products....2070

Governance Structures for Managing Information as a Product....2070

Key Applications....2071

Principle 1: Understand the IP Needs of Information Consumers....2071

Principle 2: Manage Information as a Product of a Well-Defined Production Process....2071

Principle 3: Manage Information as a Product with a Life Cycle....2072

Principle 4: Develop a Governance Structure to Manage Information Production Processes and the Resulting Information Products....2072

Future Directions....2072

Cross-References....2073

Recommended Reading....2073

Information Retrieval....2073

Synonyms....2073

Definition....2073

Historical Background....2074

Foundations....2075

Key Applications....2077

Future Directions....2077

Data Sets....2078

URL to Code....2078

Cross-References....2078

Recommended Reading....2078

Information Retrieval Models....2079

Synonyms....2079

Definition....2079

Historical Background....2079

Foundations....2079

Probabilistic Indexing....2080

Information Theoretic Models....2080

Vector Space Models....2081

Bayesian Models....2082

Probabilistic and Binary Retrieval Models....2083

Logical and Algebraic Models....2083

Key Applications....2083

Future Directions....2083

Experimental Results....2084

Data Sets....2084

Cross-References....2084

Recommended Reading....2084

Information Retrieval Operations....2084

Synonyms....2084

Definition....2085

Historical Background....2085

Foundations....2085

Experimental Results....2086

Cross-References....2087

Recommended Reading....2087

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)....2087

Synonyms....2087

Definition....2088

Overview....2088

Cross-References....2088

References....2088

Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval....2088

Synonyms....2088

Definition....2088

Historical Background....2089

Foundations....2089

Key Applications....2094

Data Sets....2094

URL to Code....2095

Cross-References....2095

Recommended Reading....2096

Initiator....2096

Synonyms....2096

Definition....2096

Key Points....2096

Cross-References....2096

In-Network Query Processing....2097

Synonyms....2097

Definition....2097

Historical Background....2097

Foundations....2098

Network Formation and Communication....2098

Query Language and Data Model....2098

In-Network Processing of Aggregates....2099

Classes of Aggregates....2101

In-Network Processing of Joins....2101

Key Applications....2102

Cross-References....2102

Recommended Reading....2102

Integrated DB and IR Approaches....2102

Synonyms....2102

Definition....2103

Historical Background....2103

Foundations....2103

Querying Semi-structured Data with IR Support....2103

Query Processing for Semi-structured Text Retrieval....2105

Support for XML-IR in Commercial Database Systems....2105

Key Applications....2105

Cross-References....2105

Recommended Reading....2106

Integration of Rules and Ontologies....2106

Definition....2106

Historical Background....2106

Foundations....2107

Shortcomings of OWL....2107

Rule Languages for Integration....2107

Approaches to Integration....2108

Key Applications....2110

URL to Code....2111

Cross-References....2111

Recommended Reading....2111

Intelligent Storage Systems....2112

Synonyms....2112

Definition....2112

Historical Background....2112

Foundations....2112

Key Applications....2113

Cross-References....2113

Recommended Reading....2113

Interactive Analytics in Social Media....2114

Synonyms....2114

Definition....2114

Historical Background....2114

Foundations....2115

Key Applications....2116

Future Directions....2116

Recommended Reading....2116

Interface....2116

Definition....2116

Historical Background....2117

Foundations....2117

Interfaces and Classes....2117

Protection....2118

Remote Interfaces....2118

Contents....2118

Components....2119

Key Applications....2119

Future Directions....2120

Cross-References....2120

Recommended Reading....2120

Interface Engines in Healthcare....2121

Synonyms....2121

Definition....2121

Historical Background....2121

Foundations....2123

Key Applications....2124

Cross-References....2124

Recommended Reading....2124

Interoperability in Data Warehouses....2124

Synonyms....2124

Definition....2124

Historical Background....2125

Foundations....2125

Standards....2126

Conflicts....2126

Integration Techniques....2127

Key Applications....2128

Future Directions....2128

Experimental Results....2128

Cross-References....2128

Recommended Reading....2128

Interoperation of NLP-Based Systems with Clinical Databases....2129

Synonyms....2129

Definition....2129

Key Points....2130

Cross-References....2130

Recommended Reading....2130

Inter-operator Parallelism....2131

Synonyms....2131

Definition....2131

Key Points....2132

Cross-References....2132

Inter-query Parallelism....2132

Synonyms....2132

Definition....2132

Key Points....2132

Cross-References....2133

Recommended Reading....2133

Intra-operator Parallelism....2133

Synonyms....2133

Definition....2133

Key Points....2133

Cross-References....2133

Intra-query Parallelism....2133

Synonyms....2133

Definition....2133

Key Points....2134

Cross-References....2134

Recommended Reading....2134

Intrusion Detection Technology....2134

Definition....2134

Historical Background....2134

Scientific Fundamentals and Key Applications....2135

Types of Attacks....2135

Detection Methodologies....2136

Future Directions....2137

Recommended Reading....2137

Inverse Document Frequency....2139

Synonyms....2139

Definition....2139

Key Points....2140

Cross-References....2140

Recommended Reading....2140

Inverted Files....2140

Synonyms....2140

Definition....2140

Historical Background....2140

Foundations....2141

Building an Inverted File....2141

Compression....2142

Updating Operations....2143

Query Processing....2143

Key Applications....2144

Cross-References....2144

Recommended Reading....2144

IP Storage....2144

Definition....2144

Key Points....2144

Cross-References....2145

Recommended Reading....2145

Iterator....2145

Synonyms....2145

Definition....2145

Key Points....2145

Cross-References....2146

Recommended Reading....2146

J....2147

Java Database Connectivity....2147

Synonyms....2147

Definition....2147

Key Points....2147

Cross-References....2148

Recommended Reading....2148

Java Enterprise Edition....2148

Synonyms....2148

Definition....2148

Key Points....2148

Cross-References....2150

Recommended Reading....2150

Java Metadata Facility....2150

Synonyms....2150

Definition....2150

Key Points....2150

Cross-References....2151

Recommended Reading....2151

Join....2151

Definition....2151

Key Points....2151

Cross-References....2152

Join Dependency....2152

Synonyms....2152

Definition....2152

Key Points....2152

Cross-References....2152

Recommended Reading....2153

Join Index....2153

Definition....2153

Key Points....2153

Cross-References....2153

Recommended Reading....2153

Join Order....2153

Synonyms....2153

Definition....2153

Key Points....2154

Cross-References....2154

Recommended Reading....2154

K....2155

k-Anonymity....2155

Synonyms....2155

Definition....2155

Key Points....2155

Cross-References....2155

Recommended Reading....2156

Karp-Luby Sampling....2156

Definition....2156

Main Text....2156

Cross-References....2157

Recommended Reading....2157

KDD Pipeline....2157

Synonyms....2157

Definition....2157

Selection....2157

Preprocessing....2157

Transformation....2157

Data Mining....2158

Evaluation and Interpretation....2158

Key Points....2158

Cross-References....2158

Recommended Reading....2158

Key....2159

Synonyms....2159

Definition....2159

Key Points....2159

Cross-References....2160

K-Means and K-Medoids....2160

Synonyms....2160

Definitions....2160

K-Means....2160

K-Medoids....2160

Key Points....2160

K-Means....2160

K-Medoids....2161

Cross-References....2161

Recommended Reading....2161

L....2162

Language Models....2162

Synonyms....2162

Definition....2162

Historical Background....2162

Foundations....2163

Implementation....2163

Document Priors....2163

Document Generation Models....2164

Translation Models....2164

Aspect Models....2165

Key Applications....2165

Cross-References....2165

Recommended Reading....2165

Languages for Web Data Extraction....2166

Synonyms....2166

Definition....2166

Historical Background....2167

Foundations....2168

Access....2168

Extract....2169

Process....2170

Output....2171

Key Applications....2171

Future Directions....2172

URL to Code....2172

Cross-References....2172

Recommended Reading....2173

Learning Distance Measures....2173

Synonyms....2173

Definition....2173

Historical Background....2174

Foundations....2174

Statistical Approach....2174

Challenges....2175

Adaptive Metric Techniques....2176

Adaptive Metric Nearest Neighbor Classification....2176

Large Margin Nearest Neighbor Classifiers....2176

Adaptive Metrics for Clustering and Semi-Supervised Clustering....2177

Key Applications....2177

Cross-References....2178

Recommended Reading....2178

Lexical Analysis of Textual Data....2178

Synonyms....2178

Definitions....2178

Historical Background....2178

Foundations....2179

Lexical Analysis in Text Processing....2179

Lexical Extraction....2179

Lookup....2180

Use of the Output....2180

Types of Lexicon....2181

Word Lists and Stoplists....2181

Indexes and Inverted Files....2181

Machine Readable Dictionaries....2181

Thesauruses....2181

Construction of Lexicons....2182

Key Applications....2183

Data Sets....2183

URL to Code....2183

Cross-References....2183

Recommended Reading....2183

Licensing and Contracting Issues in Databases....2183

Synonyms....2183

Definition....2184

Historical Background....2184

Foundations....2184

Key Applications....2185

Cross-References....2185

Recommended Reading....2185

Lifespan....2186

Synonyms....2186

Definition....2186

Key Points....2186

Cross-References....2186

Recommended Reading....2186

Lightweight Ontologies....2186

Synonyms....2186

Definition....2186

Historical Background....2187

Foundations....2188

Types of Lightweight Ontologies....2188

From Informal to Formal Lightweight Ontologies....2190

Key Applications....2191

Document Classification....2192

Semantic Search....2192

Data Integration....2192

Future Directions....2192

Experimental Results....2193

Data Sets....2193

Recommended Reading....2193

Linear Hashing....2194

Definition....2194

Historical Background....2194

Foundations....2194

Initial Layout....2194

Bucket Split....2194

Round and Hash Function Advancement....2195

Component Summary and Search Scheme....2196

Variations....2196

Key Applications....2196

Cross-References....2196

Recommended Reading....2197

Linear Regression....2197

Definition....2197

Key Points....2197

References....2197

Linked Open Data....2197

Synonyms....2197

Definition....2197

Historical Background....2198

Scientific Fundamentals....2198

Key Applications....2201

Data Sets....2201

Cross-References....2201

Recommended Reading....2201

Linking and Brushing....2202

Synonyms....2202

Definition....2202

Historical Background....2202

Foundations....2202

Key Applications....2204

URL to Code....2205

Cross-References....2205

Recommended Reading....2205

Load Balancing in Peer-to-Peer Overlay Networks....2206

Definition....2206

Historical Background....2206

Foundations....2207

Approaches for Balancing Storage Load....2208

Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs)....2208

Beyond DHTs....2209

Approaches for Balancing Requests Related Load....2211

Key Applications....2211

Future Directions....2211

Cross-References....2212

Recommended Reading....2212

Load Shedding....2212

Definition....2212

Historical Background....2213

Foundations....2213

Key Applications....2216

Future Directions....2216

Cross-References....2216

Recommended Reading....2216

LOC METS....2217

Synonyms....2217

Definition....2217

Key Points....2217

Cross-References....2218

Recommended Reading....2218

Locality....2218

Cross-References....2218

Locality of Queries....2218

Synonyms....2218

Definition....2219

Key Points....2219

Cross-References....2219

Recommended Reading....2219

Location Management in Mobile Environments....2220

Synonyms....2220

Definition....2220

Location Update Strategy in the LA-Based Approach....2220

Elements and Architecture of GSM....2220

Location Update....2221

Main Text....2221

A Critique of the Conventional Approach and Alternatives....2221

Recommended Reading....2223

Location-Based Recommendation....2224

Synonyms....2224

Definition....2224

Historical Background....2224

Scientific Fundamentals....2225

Applications....2227

Stand-Alone Location Recommendation....2227

Travel Route Recommendation....2227

Location-Based Social Media Recommendation....2227

Activity Recommendation....2227

Location-Based Friend Recommendation....2227

Data Sets....2227

Recommended Reading....2228

Location-Based Services....2229

Synonyms....2229

Definition....2229

Historical Background....2229

Foundations....2230

Location-Aware Technologies....2230

Locational and Spatial Data Management....2230

Middleware, Open Standards and Interoperability....2231

Locational Privacy....2231

Key Applications....2231

Recommended Reading....2232

Locking Granularity and Lock Types....2232

Synonyms....2232

Definition....2232

Key Points....2233

Cross-References....2234

Recommended Reading....2234

Logging and Recovery....2234

Synonyms....2234

Definition....2234

Key Points....2234

Cross-References....2235

Recommended Reading....2235

Logging/Recovery Subsystem....2236

Synonyms....2236

Definition....2236

Key Points....2236

Cross-References....2237

Recommended Reading....2237

Logical and Physical Data Independence....2237

Synonyms....2237

Definition....2237

Historical Background....2237

Scientific Fundamentals....2238

Key Applications....2238

Cross-References....2238

Recommended Reading....2238

Logical Database Design: From Conceptual to Logical Schema....2238

Synonyms....2238

Definition....2238

Historical Background....2238

Foundations....2239

The Basic E2R Mapping....2239

Refinements....2240

Table Merging....2240

Table Partitioning....2241

Mapping from Non-ER Conceptual Schemas....2241

Key Applications....2241

Database Design....2241

Future Directions....2242

URL to Code....2242

Cross-References....2242

Recommended Reading....2242

Logical Document Structure....2242

Definition....2242

Key Points....2242

Cross-References....2243

Logical Foundations of Web Data Extraction....2243

Definition....2243

Historical Background....2243

Foundations....2243

Information Extraction Functions and Wrappers....2243

Tree Structures....2244

Monadic Datalog....2244

Key Application....2246

Cross-References....2246

Recommended Reading....2246

Logical Models of Information Retrieval....2246

Definition....2246

Historical Background....2247

Foundations....2248

Logical Models....2248

Logical-Uncertainty Models....2250

Meta-Models....2252

Key Applications....2252

Future Directions....2252

Cross-References....2252

Recommended Reading....2253

Logical Unit Number....2253

Synonyms....2253

Definition....2253

Key Points....2253

Cross-References....2253

Logical Unit Number Mapping....2254

Synonyms....2254

Definition....2254

Key Points....2254

Cross-References....2254

Logical Volume Manager....2254

Synonyms....2254

Definition....2254

Key Points....2254

Cross-References....2255

Log-Linear Regression....2255

Definition....2255

Key Points....2255

Cross-References....2255

Recommended Reading....2256

Loop....2256

Synonyms....2256

Definition....2256

Key Points....2256

Cross-References....2256

Loose Coupling....2256

Synonyms....2256

Definition....2256

Key Points....2256

Cross-References....2257

Recommended Reading....2257

M....2258

Machine Learning in Computational Biology....2258

Synonyms....2258

Definition....2258

Historical Background....2258

Foundations....2259

Key Applications....2261

Future Directions....2262

Cross-References....2262

Recommended Reading....2262

Main Memory....2263

Synonyms....2263

Definition....2263

Key Points....2263

Cross-References....2264

Main Memory DBMS....2265

Synonyms....2265

Definition....2265

Key Points....2265

Cross-References....2265

Recommended Reading....2265

Maintenance of Materialized Views with Outer-Joins....2266

Definition....2266

Historical Background....2266

Foundations....2266

Join-Disjunctive Normal Form....2266

The Subsumption Graph....2267

Maintenance Procedure....2268

Computing the Primary Delta....2269

Computing the Secondary Delta....2269

Summary....2270

Key Applications....2270

Cross-References....2270

Recommended Reading....2270

Maintenance of Recursive Views....2271

Synonyms....2271

Definition....2271

Historical Background....2271

Foundations....2272

Recursive View Definition....2272

Evaluation of Recursive Queries....2273

Incremental Evaluation of Recursive Views....2274

Key Applications....2276

Cross-References....2276

Recommended Reading....2277

Managing Compressed Structured Text....2277

Synonyms....2277

Definition....2277

Historical Background....2277

Scientific Fundamentals....2278

Compression of Structured Text....2278

Navigating and Searching in Compressed Form....2279

Succinct Encodings for Labeled Trees....2280

Integrating Indexing and Compression....2282

Key Applications....2284

Future Directions....2284

Experimental Results....2284

Url to Code....2284

Cross-References....2284

Recommended Reading....2284

Managing Data Integration Uncertainty....2285

Synonyms....2285

Definition....2285

Historical Background....2285

Scientific Fundamentals....2286

Key Applications....2288

Dataspace Systems....2288

Probabilistic Data Warehousing....2288

Probabilistic Knowledge Base Construction....2288

Cross-References....2288

Recommended Reading....2288

Managing Probabilistic Entity Extraction....2288

Synonyms....2288

Definition....2288

Historical Background....2289

Foundations....2289

Extracting Probabilistic Entities....2289

Probabilistic Data Model....2290

Data Model for Probabilistic Entity Extraction....2290

Probabilistic Entity Table....2291

Querying Probabilistic Entities via Inference....2292

Key Applications....2293

Cross-References....2293

Recommended Reading....2293

Mandatory Access Control....2293

Synonyms....2293

Definition....2294

Key Point....2294

Cross-References....2294

Recommended Reading....2294

MANET Databases....2295

Synonyms....2295

Definition....2295

Historical Background....2295

Pedestrians Projects....2296

Vehicular Projects....2297

Foundations....2297

Key Applications....2299

Social Networks....2299

Emergency Response, Homeland Security, and the Military....2299

Airport Applications....2299

Mobile E-Commerce....2300

Transportation Safety and Efficiency....2300

Future Directions....2300

Recommended Reading....2301

MAP....2301

Synonyms....2301

Definition....2301

Key Points....2302

Cross-References....2302

Recommended Reading....2302

Map Matching....2302

Synonyms....2302

Definition....2302

Historical Background....2303

Foundations....2303

Key Applications....2306

Future Directions....2306

Cross-References....2306

Recommended Reading....2306

MapReduce....2307

Scientific Fundamentals....2307

Definition....2307

Historical Background....2307

Foundations....2308

Key Applications....2310

URL to Code....2310

Recommended Reading....2310

Markup Language....2311

Definition....2311

Key Points....2311

Cross-References....2311

MashUp....2311

Definition....2311

Key Points....2311

Cross-References....2312

Massive Array of Idle Disks....2312

Synonyms....2312

Definition....2312

Key Points....2312

Cross-References....2313

Recommended Reading....2313

Matrix Masking....2313

Synonyms....2313

Definition....2313

Key Points....2313

Cross-References....2313

Recommended Reading....2313

Max-Pattern Mining....2314

Synonyms....2314

Definition....2314

Historical Background....2314

Scientific Fundamentals....2317

Key Applications....2317

Experimental Results....2317

Data Sets....2317

URL to Code....2317

Cross-References....2317

Recommended Reading....2317

Mean Reciprocal Rank....2318

Synonyms....2318

Definition....2318

Key Points....2318

Cross-References....2318

Measure....2318

Synonyms....2318

Definition....2318

Key Points....2319

Cross-References....2319

Recommended Reading....2320

Mediation....2320

Synonyms....2320

Definition....2320

Historical Background....2320

Foundations....2320

Key Applications....2322

Cross-References....2322

Recommended Reading....2322

Membership Query....2323

Synonyms....2323

Definition....2323

Key Points....2323

Cross-References....2323

Memory Hierarchy....2323

Synonyms....2323

Definition....2323

Historical Background....2324

Foundations....2325

Memory- and Cache-Architectures....2325

Memory Access Costs....2328

Latency....2328

Bandwidth....2328

Address Translation....2329

Unified Hardware Model....2329

Key Applications....2330

URL to Code....2330

Cross-References....2330

Recommended Reading....2330

Memory Locality....2330

Synonyms....2330

Definition....2330

Key Point....2331

Cross-References....2331

Recommended Reading....2331

Merkle Trees....2332

Synonyms....2332

Definition....2332

Key Point....2332

Cross-References....2333

Recommended Reading....2333

Message Authentication Codes....2333

Synonyms....2333

Definition....2333

Key Points....2333

Cross-References....2333

Recommended Reading....2333

Message Queuing Systems....2333

Synonyms....2333

Definition....2334

Key Points....2334

Cross-References....2334

Recommended Reading....2334

Meta Data Repository....2334

Synonyms....2334

Definition....2335

Historical Background....2335

Foundations....2336

Requirements....2336

Architecture....2336

Systems....2337

Key Applications....2337

Future Directions....2338

Cross-References....2338

Recommended Reading....2338

Meta Object Facility....2339

Synonyms....2339

Definition....2339

Key Points....2339

Cross-References....2340

Recommended Reading....2340

Metadata....2340

Definition....2340

Key Points....2341

Cross-References....2341

Recommended Reading....2341

Metadata Interchange Specification....2341

Synonyms....2341

Definition....2341

Key Points....2341

Cross-References....2342

Recommented Reading....2342

Metadata Registry, ISO/IEC 11179....2343

Synonyms....2343

Definition....2343

Historical Background....2343

Foundations....2343

Part 1: Framework....2343

Part 2: Classification....2344

Part 3: Registry Metamodel and Basic Attributes....2344

Part 4: Formulation of Data Definitions....2345

Part 5: Naming and Identification Principles....2345

Part 6: Registration....2345

Key Applications....2345

Cross-References....2346

Recommended Reading....2346

Metamodel....2346

Synonyms....2346

Definition....2346

Historical Background....2347

Foundations....2347

Key Applications....2348

Future Directions....2348

Cross-References....2349

Recommended Reading....2349

Metasearch Engines....2349

Synonyms....2349

Definition....2349

Historical Background....2349

Scientific Fundamentals....2350

Result Merging....2350

Search Engine Selection....2351

Automatic Search Engine Connection....2352

Automatic Search Result Extraction....2352

Key Applications....2353

Future Directions....2353

Cross-References....2353

Recommended Reading....2354

Metric Space....2354

Synonyms....2354

Definition....2354

Key Points....2355

Cross-References....2355

Recommended Reading....2355

Microaggregation....2355

Definition....2355

Key Points....2356

Cross-References....2356

Recommended Reading....2356

Microbenchmark....2356

Definition....2356

Key Points....2357

Cross-References....2357

Recommended Reading....2357

Microdata....2357

Synonyms....2357

Definition....2357

Key Points....2357

Cross-References....2358

Recommended Reading....2358

Microdata Rounding....2358

Synonyms....2358

Definition....2358

Key Points....2358

Cross-References....2358

Recommended Reading....2358

Middleware Support for Database Replication and Caching....2358

Definition....2358

Historical Background....2359

Foundations....2359

Shared Disk Versus Shared Nothing....2359

Master/Slave Versus Multi-master....2359

Middleware Design....2360

Concurrency Control....2360

Statement Replication Versus Transaction Replication....2361

High Availability....2362

Load Balancing....2363

Caching....2363

Key Applications....2363

Future Directions....2364

URL to Code....2364

Cross-References....2364

Recommended Reading....2364

Middleware Support for Precise Failure Semantics....2365

Definition....2365

Historical Background....2365

Foundations....2365

System Model....2366

X-Able Histories....2367

Client-Service Consistency....2369

X-Able Services....2369

Key Applications....2370

Recommended Reading....2370

Mining of Chemical Data....2370

Definition....2370

Historical Background....2370

Foundations....2371

Key Applications....2372

Experimental Results....2372

Data Sets....2372

Cross-References....2373

Recommended Reading....2373

Mobile Database....2373

Definition....2373

Key Points....2373

Recommended Reading....2374

Mobile Interfaces....2374

Synonyms....2374

Definition....2374

Historical Background....2374

Foundations....2376

Mobile Interface for Specific Devices....2376

Multi Target Applications....2376

Key Applications....2377

Future Directions....2377

Cross-References....2377

Recommended Reading....2377

Mobile Resource Search....2378

Synonyms....2378

Definition....2378

Historical Background....2378

Scientific Fundamentals....2379

Key Applications....2380

Searching Available Parking Spaces....2380

Searching Taxi Cabs/Taxi Customers....2381

Searching Vehicles and People for Ridesharing....2381

Searching Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles....2381

Searching Competition-Free Resources....2382

Future Directions....2382

Cross-References....2383

Recommended Reading....2383

Mobile Sensor Network Data Management....2384

Synonyms....2384

Definition....2384

Historical Background....2384

Foundations....2385

Key Applications....2387

Cross-References....2388

Recommended Reading....2388

Model Management....2389

Definition....2389

Historical Background....2390

Foundations....2390

Schema Matching....2390

Model Transformation....2391

Generic Metamodel....2391

Schema Integration....2392

Mappings....2392

Model Management Systems....2392

Key Applications....2393

Future Directions....2393

Cross-References....2393

Recommended Reading....2394

Model-Based Querying in Sensor Networks....2394

Synonyms....2394

Definition....2394

Historical Background....2395

Foundations....2395

Model....2396

Query Planning and Execution....2397

Example....2398

Key Applications....2398

Future Directions....2399

Cross-References....2399

Recommended Reading....2399

Monotone Constraints....2400

Synonyms....2400

Definition....2400

Key Points....2400

Cross-References....2400

Recommended Reading....2400

Monte Carlo Methods for Uncertain Data....2400

Synonyms....2400

Definition....2401

Historical Background....2401

Scientific Fundamentals....2402

PC-Tables and Karp-Luby Sampling....2402

PGMs and MCMC....2403

Generative Uncertainty Models: MCDB, PIP, and SimSQL....2404

Uncertain Graph Data and Related Models....2405

Key Applications....2406

Future Directions....2406

Url to Code....2406

Cross-References....2407

Recommended Reading....2407

Moving Object....2408

Synonyms....2408

Definition....2408

Key Points....2408

Cross-References....2408

Recommended Reading....2408

Moving Objects Databases and Tracking....2408

Synonyms....2408

Definition....2408

Historical Background....2409

Scientific Fundamentals....2409

Modeling and Querying Current Movement (Tracking)....2409

Modeling and Querying History of Movement....2411

Related Issues....2412

Uncertainty....2412

Movement in Networks....2413

Spatio-Temporal Indexing....2413

Query Processing for Continuous/Location-Based Queries....2413

Spatiotemporal Aggregation and Selectivity Estimation....2413

Key Applications....2413

Future Directions....2414

Experimental Results....2414

Data Sets....2414

URL to Code....2414

Cross-References....2414

Recommended Reading....2415

Multi-data Center Replication Protocols....2415

Synonyms....2415

Definition....2415

Historical Background....2415

Scientific Fundamentals....2416

Synchronous Replication....2417

Asynchronous Replication....2418

Key Applications....2420

Cross-References....2421

Recommended Reading....2421

Multi-datacenter Consistency Properties....2421

Synonyms....2421

Definition....2422

Historical Background....2422

Scientific Fundamentals....2422

Coordination and Serializability....2422

Beyond Serializability....2423

i.) Eventual Consistency....2423

ii.) Leverage Full Application Semantics....2423

iii.) Exploit More Limited Application Information....2424

WAN Serializability....2425

Key Characteristics....2426

Key Applications....2426

Future Directions....2427

Recommended Reading....2427

Multidimensional Data Formats....2428

Definition....2428

Key Points....2428

Cross-References....2429

Recommended Reading....2429

Multidimensional Modeling....2429

Synonyms....2429

Definition....2429

Historical Background....2429

Scientific Fundamentals....2430

Data Cubes....2430

Dimensions....2431

Facts....2432

Measures....2433

The Modeling Process....2433

Complex Multidimensional Modeling....2434

Key Applications....2436

Future Directions....2436

Cross-References....2436

Recommended Reading....2437

Multidimensional Scaling....2437

Synonyms....2437

Definition....2437

Key Points....2438

Cross-References....2438

Recommended Reading....2438

Multilevel Modeling....2438

Synonyms....2438

Definition....2438

Historical Background....2439

Scientific Fundamentals....2440

Background from Two-Level Modeling....2440

Core Multilevel Modeling Patterns....2442

Class and Metaclass Facets of Clabjects....2443

Additional Multilevel Modeling Patterns....2444

Key Applications....2444

Cross-References....2445

Recommended Reading....2445

Multilevel Recovery and the ARIES Algorithm....2445

Definition....2445

Historical Background....2446

Foundations....2446

Future Directions....2450

Cross-References....2450

Recommended Reading....2450

Multilevel Secure Database Management System....2450

Synonyms....2450

Definition....2450

Historical Background....2451

Foundations....2451

Key Applications....2453

Future Directions....2453

Cross-References....2454

Recommended Reading....2454

Multilevel Transactions and Object-Model Transactions....2454

Synonyms....2454

Definition....2454

Historical Background....2454

Foundations....2455

Future Directions....2459

Cross-References....2459

Recommended Reading....2459

Multimedia Data....2460

Synonyms....2460

Definition....2460

Historical Background....2460

Foundations....2461

Types and Semantics....2461

Sequence and Order....2461

Size....2462

Accessing Multimedia Data....2462

Presentation....2462

Key Applications....2462

Future Directions....2463

Cross-References....2463

Recommended Reading....2463

Multimedia Data Buffering....2463

Definition....2463

Historical Background....2463

Foundations....2464

Buffer Replacement....2464

The BASIC Buffer Replacement Algorithm....2464

The DISTANCE Buffer Replacement Algorithm....2465

Buffer Sharing....2465

Key Applications....2467

Cross-References....2467

Recommended Reading....2467

Multimedia Data Indexing....2468

Synonyms....2468

Definition....2468

Historical Background....2468

Foundations....2468

Filter and Refine....2469

The Need for Approximate Features....2470

Metric Indexing....2470

Ad Hoc Solutions....2471

Key Applications....2472

Future Directions....2472

Cross-References....2472

Recommended Reading....2472

Multimedia Data Querying....2473

Definition....2473

Historical Background....2473

Foundations....2475

Feature Representations....2475

Fuzzy and Probabilistic Models....2476

Dimensionality Reduction and Feature Selection....2480

Tensors and Tensor Decomposition....2480

Multi-Dimensional Indexing....2481

Clustering....2481

Supervised Learning/Classification....2481

Relevance Feedback and Collaborative Filtering....2481

Key Applications....2482

Future Directions....2482

Cross-References....2483

Recommended Reading....2483

Multimedia Data Storage....2484

Definition....2484

Historical Background....2484

Foundations....2484

Hiccup-Free Display....2484

FIXB and VARB....2485

RP, MTP, and MVP....2486

Data Placement Across Disk Drivers....2486

Key Applications....2486

Cross-References....2487

Recommended Reading....2487

Multimedia Databases....2487

Synonyms....2487

Definition....2487

Historical Background....2488

Foundations....2489

Data Analysis and Feature Extraction....2489

Domain Knowledge and Interpretation....2489

Interaction and User Interface....2489

Storage, Matching, and Indexing....2490

Key Applications....2490

Future Directions....2490

Cross-References....2490

Recommended Reading....2490

Multimedia Information Retrieval Model....2491

Synonyms....2491

Definition....2491

Historical Background....2491

Foundations....2492

Form-Based Multimedia Information Retrieval....2493

Semantic Content-Based Multimedia Information Retrieval....2494

Mixed Multimedia Information Retrieval....2494

Key Applications....2495

Cross-References....2495

Recommended Reading....2495

Multimedia Metadata....2495

Synonyms....2495

Definition....2496

Historical Background....2496

Foundations....2498

Media Content....2498

Layout....2498

Timing....2499

Linking....2499

Adaptivity....2499

Key Applications....2500

Cross-References....2500

Recommended Reading....2500

Multimedia Presentation Databases....2501

Synonyms....2501

Definition....2501

Historical Background....2501

Foundations....2502

Key Applications....2503

Future Directions....2503

Cross-References....2503

Recommended Reading....2503

Multimedia Resource Scheduling....2504

Definition....2504

Historical Background....2504

Foundations....2504

Disk Scheduling....2505

Stream Scheduling....2506

Key Applications....2507

Cross-References....2507

Recommended Reading....2507

Multimedia Retrieval Evaluation....2508

Definition....2508

Historical Background....2508

Foundations....2509

Key Applications....2510

Data Sets....2510

Cross-References....2511

Recommended Reading....2511

Multimedia Tagging....2511

Synonyms....2511

Definition....2511

Historical Background....2512

Scientific Fundamentals....2513

Key Applications....2514

Cross-References....2514

Recommended Reading....2514

Multimodal Interfaces....2514

Definition....2514

Historical Background....2515

Foundations....2515

Key Applications....2517

Interaction in Mobile Environments....2518

Geographic Information Systems....2518

Interaction in Adverse Settings....2518

Multimodal Biometric Databases....2518

Interaction in Impairment Conditions....2519

Future Directions....2519

Cross-References....2519

Recommended Reading....2519

Multi-pathing....2520

Definition....2520

Key Points....2520

Cross-References....2520

Multiple Representation Modeling....2520

Synonyms....2520

Definition....2520

Historical Background....2521

Foundations....2522

Multiscale Databases....2522

Multi-Representation Databases....2522

Database Models for Multiple Representations....2522

Architectures for Distributed Representations....2524

Key Applications....2524

Cartography....2524

Multi-Scale Analysis....2525

Future Directions....2525

Cross-References....2525

Recommended Reading....2525

Multi-query Optimization....2526

Synonyms....2526

Definition....2526

Historical Background....2526

Foundations....2527

Challenges....2527

Identifying CSEs....2527

Finding the Optimal Plan in Presence of CSEs....2528

Engineering an Efficient Multi-query Optimizer....2528

Key Applications....2529

Cross-References....2530

Recommended Reading....2530

Multi-resolution Terrain Modeling....2530

Synonyms....2530

Definition....2530

Historical Background....2531

Scientific Fundamentals....2531

Key Applications....2535

Cross-References....2535

Recommended Reading....2535

Multi step Query Processing....2536

Synonyms....2536

Definition....2536

Historical Background....2536

Foundations....2537

General Schema of Multi-step Query Processing....2537

Example: Multi-step Query Processing of Similarity Queries....2538

Example: Algorithms for Multi-step Query Processing of Similarity Queries....2539

Key Applications....2540

Cross-References....2541

Recommended Reading....2541

Multitenancy....2541

Synonyms....2541

Definition....2541

Historical Background....2541

Scientific Fundamentals....2542

Key Applications....2544

Cross-References....2544

Recommended Reading....2544

Multitier Architecture....2544

Synonyms....2544

Definition....2544

Historical Background....2545

Foundations....2545

Key Applications....2546

Cross-References....2547

Recommended Reading....2547

Multitier Storage Systems....2547

Synonyms....2547

Definition....2547

Key Points....2547

Cross-References....2548

Recommended Readings....2548

Multivalued Dependency....2548

Synonyms....2548

Definition....2548

Key Points....2549

Cross-References....2549

Recommended Reading....2549

Multivariate Visualization Methods....2549

Synonyms....2549

Definition....2550

Historical Background....2550

Foundations....2550

Multivariate Continuous Data....2550

Multivariate Categorical Data....2552

Interactive Graphics and Multivariate Graphics....2553

Key Applications....2554

Future Directions....2554

Cross-References....2554

Recommended Reading....2554

Multiversion Serializability and Concurrency Control....2555

Synonyms....2555

Definition....2555

Historical Background....2555

Foundations....2555

Key Applications....2556

Future Directions....2557

Cross-References....2557

Recommended Reading....2557

N....2559

Naive Tables....2559

Synonyms....2559

Definition....2559

Key Points....2559

Cross-References....2560

Recommended Reading....2560

Narrowed Extended XPath I....2560

Synonyms....2560

Definition....2560

Historical Background....2561

Foundations....2561

Requirements....2561

Content Only (CO) Queries....2562

Content and Structure (CAS) Queries....2563

Key Applications....2564

Future Directions....2564

Experimental Results....2564

Data Sets....2564

URL to Code....2564

Cross-References....2565

Recommended Reading....2565

Natural Interaction....2565

Synonyms....2565

Definition....2565

Historical Background....2566

Foundations....2566

Sensing....2567

Intelligence and Presentation....2567

Handling Complexity with TUIs....2568

Key Applications....2569

Multimedia Browsing....2569

Knowledge Exploration and Building....2569

Interactive Museum and Cultural Exhibits....2569

Interactive Music Systems....2570

Cross-References....2570

Recommended Reading....2570

Near-Duplicate Retrieval....2570

Synonyms....2570

Definition....2570

Main Text....2571

Cross-References....2572

Recommended Reading....2572

Nearest Neighbor Classification....2572

Synonyms....2572

Definition....2572

Historical Background....2573

Foundations....2574

Classification Model....2574

Lazy Evaluation Model....2576

Key Applications....2577

Cross-References....2578

Recommended Reading....2578

Nearest Neighbor Query....2578

Synonyms....2578

Definition....2578

Key Points....2578

Cross-References....2579

Recommended Reading....2579

Nearest Neighbor Query in Spatiotemporal Databases....2579

Synonyms....2579

Definition....2579

Historical Background....2579

Foundations....2581

Key Applications....2583

Geographic Information Systems....2583

Location-Based Services....2583

Multi-criteria Decision Making....2583

Future Directions....2583

Experimental Results....2584

Datasets....2584

URL to Code....2584

Cross-References....2584

Recommended Reading....2584

Nested Loop Join....2585

Synonyms....2585

Definition....2585

Key Points....2585

Block Nested Loop Join....2585

Cross-References....2585

Recommended Reading....2585

Nested Transaction Models....2585

Definition....2585

Historical Background....2586

Foundations....2586

Structure of a Nested Transaction....2586

Synchronization of Nested Transactions....2586

Commit/Abort of Nested Transactions....2587

Advantages of Nested Transactions....2587

Key Applications....2588

Cross-References....2588

Recommended Reading....2588

Network Attached Secure Device....2589

Synonyms....2589

Definition....2589

Key Points....2589

Cross-References....2590

Recommended Reading....2590

Network Attached Storage....2590

Synonyms....2590

Definition....2590

Key Points....2590

Cross-References....2590

Recommended Reading....2590

Network Data Model....2590

Synonyms....2590

Definition....2591

Historical Background....2591

Foundations....2591

The Languages....2592

Gross Architecture of a CODASYL DBMS....2592

The Data Structures....2592

Records and Record Types....2592

Record Fields....2593

Sets and Set Types....2593

Areas....2593

Schema and Sub-schemas....2593

Data Manipulation....2594

Data Retrieval....2594

Data Update....2595

Entity-Relationship to Network Mapping....2595

Discussion....2596

Key Applications....2596

Cross-References....2596

Recommended Reading....2596

Neural Networks....2597

Synonyms....2597

Definition....2597

Historical Background....2597

Foundations....2598

Key Applications....2600

Future Directions....2600

Experimental Results....2600

Data Sets....2600

Url to Code....2600

Cross-References....2600

Recommended Reading....2600

N-Gram Models....2601

Definition....2601

Key Points....2601

Cross-References....2602

Recommended Reading....2602

Noise Addition....2602

Synonyms....2602

Definition....2602

Key Points....2602

Cross-References....2602

Recommended Reading....2603

Nonparametric Data Reduction Techniques....2603

Definition....2603

Key Points....2603

Cross-References....2603

Recommended Reading....2603

Nonperturbative Masking Methods....2603

Synonyms....2603

Definition....2604

Key Points....2604

Cross-References....2604

Recommended Reading....2604

Nonrelational Streams....2605

Definition....2605

Main Text....2605

Graph Streams....2605

Spatial Streams....2605

Text Streams....2605

XML Streams....2605

Cross-References....2605

Nonsequenced Semantics....2606

Synonyms....2606

Definition....2606

Key Points....2606

Cross-References....2607

Recommended Reading....2607

Normal Form ORA-SS Schema Diagrams....2607

Synonyms....2607

Definition....2608

Key Points....2608

Cross-References....2609

Recommended Reading....2609

Normal Forms and Normalization....2609

Definition....2609

Historical Background....2610

Foundations....2610

Key Applications....2613

Cross-References....2613

Recommended Reading....2613

NoSQL Stores....2613

Definition....2613

Historical Background....2614

Foundations....2615

Key Applications....2616

URL to Code....2616

Cross-References....2616

Recommended Reading....2617

Now in Temporal Databases....2617

Synonyms....2617

Definition....2617

Historical Background....2617

Foundations....2618

SQL Nullary Functions....2618

Now in End or Stop Columns....2619

Now-Relative Values....2619

Key Applications....2621

Future Directions....2621

Cross-References....2621

Recommended Reading....2621

Null Values....2622

Definition....2622

Key Points....2622

Cross-References....2622

Recommended Reading....2622

O....2623

OASIS....2623

Synonyms....2623

Definition....2623

Key Points....2623

Cross-References....2623

Recommended Reading....2624

Object Constraint Language....2624

Synonyms....2624

Definition....2624

Key Points....2624

Cross-References....2625

Recommended Reading....2625

Object Data Models....2625

Synonyms....2625

Definition....2625

Historical Background....2626

Foundations....2626

Characteristics of Object Data Models....2626

Object-Oriented Data Model....2628

Object-Relational Data Model....2630

Key Applications....2632

Cross-References....2632

Recommended Reading....2632

Object Identity....2632

Synonyms....2632

Definition....2633

Key Points....2633

Cross-References....2633

Recommended Reading....2633

Object Recognition....2633

Synonyms....2633

Definition....2633

Historical Background....2633

Foundations....2634

Geometry-Based Approaches....2634

Appearance-Based Algorithms....2634

Feature-Based Algorithms....2635

Key Applications....2635

Future Directions....2635

Data Sets....2636

URL to Code....2636

Cross-References....2636

Recommended Reading....2636

Object Relationship Attribute Data Model for Semistructured Data....2637

Synonyms....2637

Definition....2637

Key Points....2637

Cross-References....2639

Recommended Reading....2639

Object Storage Protocol....2639

Synonyms....2639

Definition....2639

Main Text....2639

Recommended Reading....2640

Object-Role Modeling....2640

Synonyms....2640

Definition....2640

Historical Background....2640

Foundations....2641

Key Applications....2645

Future Directions....2645

Cross-References....2645

Recommended Reading....2645

OLAM....2646

Synonyms....2646

Definition....2646

Historical Background....2646

Scientific Fundamentals....2647

Key Applications....2649

Future Directions....2649

Cross-References....2649

Recommended Reading....2649

OLAP Personalization and Recommendation....2650

Definition....2650

Historical Background....2651

Scientific Fundamentals....2651

Key Applications....2653

Future Directions....2654

Experimental Results....2654

Data Sets....2654

URL to Code....2654

Cross-References....2654

Recommended Readings....2654

One-Copy-Serializability....2655

Synonyms....2655

Definition....2655

Main Text....2655

Cross-References....2656

Recommended Readings....2656

One-Pass Algorithm....2656

Synonyms....2656

Definition....2656

Key Points....2657

Cross-References....2657

Recommended Reading....2657

Online Analytical Processing....2658

Synonyms....2658

Definition....2658

Historical Background....2658

Foundations....2659

Operations....2660

Declarative Languages....2661

Key Applications....2662

Future Directions....2662

Url to Code....2662

Cross-References....2663

Recommended Reading....2663

Online Recovery in Parallel Database Systems....2664

Synonyms....2664

Definition....2664

Historical Background....2664

Foundations....2666

Key Applications....2669

Cross-References....2669

Recommended Reading....2669

Ontologies and Life Science Data Management....2670

Synonyms....2670

Definition....2670

Historical Background....2670

Foundations....2671

Key Applications....2672

Future Directions....2672

Cross-References....2673

Recommended Reading....2673

Ontology....2674

Synonyms....2674

Definition....2674

Historical Background....2674

Foundations....2675

Key Applications....2676

Recommended Reading....2676

Ontology Elicitation....2676

Synonyms....2676

Definition....2677

Historical Background....2677

Conceptual Modeling....2677

Data Schema Versus Ontology....2677

Foundations....2678

Lexical Versus Semantic Level....2678

Lexical Variability and Reusability....2679

Semantic Versus Pragmatic Level....2680

Divergence and Conflict....2681

Convergence and Patterns....2681

Key Applications....2681

Semantic Web Services....2681

Regulatory Compliance....2681

Human Resources....2682

Future Directions....2682

Cross-References....2683

Recommended Reading....2683

Ontology Engineering....2684

Synonyms....2684

Definition....2684

Ontology Engineering: Details....2684

Cross-References....2685

Recommended Reading....2685

Ontology Visual Querying....2685

Definition....2685

Historical Background....2685

Foundations....2686

Key Applications....2688

Future Directions....2689

Cross-References....2689

Recommended Reading....2689

Ontology-Based Data Access and Integration....2690

Definition....2690

Historical Background....2690

Scientific Fundamentals....2691

OBDA Framework....2691

A Tractable OBDA Framework....2692

Techniques for Query Answering via Rewriting....2693

Query Rewriting w.r.t. the Ontology....2694

Query Rewriting w.r.t. the Mapping....2694

Key Applications....2695

Future Directions....2695

Cross-References....2696

Recommended Reading....2696

Open Database Connectivity....2696

Synonyms....2696

Definition....2696

Key Points....2697

Cross-References....2697

Recommended Reading....2697

Open Nested Transaction Models....2697

Synonyms....2697

Definition....2697

Historical Background....2697

Foundations....2698

Key Applications....2699

Future Directions....2700

Cross-References....2700

Recommended Reading....2700

Operator-Level Parallelism....2701

Synonyms....2701

Definition....2701

Historical Background....2701

Foundations....2701

Classes of Parallelism....2702

Effect of Query Plan Selection on Operator-Level Parallelism....2702

Other Factors Limiting Operator-Level Parallelism....2704

Relation to Inter-query and Intra-operator Parallelism....2705

Key Applications....2705

Cross-References....2705

Recommended Reading....2705

Opinion Mining....2706

Synonyms....2706

Definition....2706

Historical Background....2706

Foundations....2707

Model of Opinion Mining....2707

Sentiment Classification....2709

Feature-Based Opinion Mining....2710

Mining Comparative and Superlative Sentences....2710

Key Applications....2711

Cross-References....2711

Recommended Reading....2711

Optimistic Replication and Resolution....2712

Synonyms....2712

Definition....2712

Historical Background....2712

Foundations....2713

Transmitting and Replaying Updates....2714

Conflicts....2714

Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation....2715

Last Writer Wins....2715

Semantic Resolvers....2715

Operational Transformation....2716

Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs)....2716

Scheduling Transactions Content and Ordering....2716

Freshness of Replicas....2717

Optimistic Replication Versus Optimistic Concurrency Control....2717

Key Applications....2717

Cross-References....2718

Recommended Reading....2718

Optimization and Tuning in Data Warehouses....2719

Synonyms....2719

Definition....2719

Historical Background....2720

Scientific Fundamentals....2720

Redundant Techniques....2720

Nonredundant Techniques....2724

Tuning....2726

Key Applications....2726

Future Directions....2726

Experimental Results....2727

Data Sets....2727

Cross-References....2727

Recommended Reading....2727

OQL....2729

Synonyms....2729

Definition....2729

Key Points....2729

Cross-References....2730

Recommended Reading....2730

Orchestration....2730

Definition....2730

Key Points....2730

Cross-References....2731

Recommended Reading....2731

Order Dependency....2731

Synonyms....2731

Definition....2731

Historical Background....2731

Scientific Fundamentals....2732

Key Applications....2732

Recommended Readings....2732

OR-Join....2732