C++ Programming Fundamentals

Cover ....1

Title....4

Copyright ....5

Contents ....8

Preface ....14

Acknowledgments ....16

Chapter 1 C++ and Beyond....18

Introduction....18

1.1 The Origin of C++....18

1.2 Why Use C++?....19

1.3 Various Programming Paradigms....20

1.3.1 Structural Programming....20

1.3.2 Procedural Programming....21

1.3.3 Object Oriented Programming....21

1.4 C++ Basics ....24

1.4.1 Variables ....24

1.4.2 Data Types ....25

1.4.3 Data Modifiers ....26

1.t C++ Execution Flow ....28

Summary ....30

Exercises ....31

Theory Questions....31

MCQ-Based....31

Practical Application....33

References ....34

Books ....34

Websites ....34

Chapter 2 Basic Play in C++....36

2.1 Literals, Constants, and Qualifiers....36

2.2 Stream-Based IO....37

2.3 Comments ....39

2.4 Operators and Types....40

2.4.1 Types of Operators in C++....40

2.5 Type Conversion ....42

2.6 Keywords ....44

2.7 Loops in C++ ....45

2.9 Control Statements ....49

2.9 Defining Functions ....53

2.9.1 Why Use Functions?....53

2.10 C vs. C++....54

Summary ....55

Exercises ....56

Theory Questions....56

MCQ-Based....56

Practical Questions ....58

References ....59

Books ....59

Websites ....59

Chapter 3 Arrays and Strings....60

3.1 What is an Array?....60

3.1.1 Ways to Declare Arrays....60

3.1.2 Ways to Access Array Members....61

3.1.3 Traversing a 1D Array ....62

3.2 Operations on an Array....62

3.2.1 Passing an Array to Functions....62

3.2.2 Finding the Length ....63

3.2.3 Enum in C++ ....64

3.2.4 Searching ....65

3.3 Multi-Dimensional Array ....68

3.4 Strings ....69

3.5 String Functions ....70

Summary ....71

Exercises ....71

Theory Questions ....71

MCQ-Based ....72

Practical Questions....73

References ....74

Books ....74

Websites ....74

Chapter 4 Pointers in C++ ....76

4.1 Introduction ....76

4.2 Pointers: Declaration and Initialization....76

4.3 Casting and Passing Pointers....80

4.3.1 Typecasting....80

4.3.2 Passing....81

4.4 Using Pointers with Arrays ....83

4.5 Pointer Use....87

Summary ....88

Exercises ....89

Theory Questions ....89

Practical Questions ....89

MCQ-Based ....90

References ....92

Books ....92

Websites ....92

Chapter 5 Classes in C++....94

5.1 Class Making....94

5.2 Constructors and Destructors....96

5.3 The This Pointer....103

5.4 Class Methods....104

5.5 The static Keyword ....106

5.6 Memory Management and Garbage Collection in C++....107

Summary ....109

Exercises ....109

Theory Questions ....109

Practical Questions ....110

MCQ-Based....110

References ....112

Books ....112

Websites ....112

Chapter 6 Inheritance ....114

6.1 Introduction ....114

6.2 Inheritance ....114

6.2.1 Access Specifiers ....116

6.2.2 Inheritance Modes....118

6.3 Types of Inheritance....124

6.4 Constructor Calling ....141

6.5 Implementing Inheritance....142

Summary ....144

Exercises ....145

Theory Questions ....145

Practial Questions ....145

MCQ-Based ....146

References ....153

Books ....153

Websites ....154

Chapter 7 Polymorphism....156

7.1 Introduction ....156

7.2 Dynamic vs. Static Binding ....159

7.3 Interface and Implementation....162

7.4 Function Overriding and Overloading ....166

7.5 Friend and Generic Functions ....170

7.5.1 Friend Functions ....170

7.5.2 Generic Functions....172

7.6 Namespaces....174

Summary ....176

Exercises ....177

Theory Questions....177

Practical Questions ....177

MCQ-Based ....178

References ....183

Books ....183

Websites ....183

Chapter 8 Operator Overloading ....184

8.1 Basics ....184

8.2 How to Overload an Operator?....185

8.3 Overloading Unary Operators....188

8.4 Overloading Binary Operators....191

8.5 Overloading by Friend Function....196

Summary ....197

Exercises ....198

Theory Questions ....198

Practical Questions....198

MCQ-Based....199

References ....203

Books ....203

Websites ....203

Chapter 9 Structure and Union....204

9.1 Structure: Declaration and Definition ....204

9.2 Accessing a Structure ....207

9.3 Union ....209

9.4 Differences Between Structure and Union....211

9.5 Enum in C++....212

Summary ....214

Exercises ....214

Theory Questions....214

Practical Questions ....215

MCQ-Based....215

References ....231

Books ....231

Websites ....231

Chapter 10 Exception Handling ....232

10.1 Errors and Exceptions....232

10.2 Exception Handling....235

10.3 Various Exceptions....237

10.4 Custom Exceptions in C++....238

Summary ....240

Exercises ....241

Theory Questions ....241

Practical Questions ....241

MCQ-Based....242

References ....263

Books ....263

Websites ....263

Chapter 11 File Handling....264

11.1 Files and Streams ....264

11.2 File Operations ....267

11.3 Random Access and Object Serialization....270

Summary ....272

Exercises ....273

Theory Questions....273

Practical Questions....273

MCQ-Based ....274

References ....285

Books ....285

Websites ....285

Index ....286

This book is designed to cover the basics of C++, the powerful programming language used by developers all over the world. Its readily understandable concepts and easy syntax areused in video games, embedded systems, IoT devices, and resource-heavy AI applications. Using a “self-teaching” method with numerous examples and figures, the book covers all of the major C++ concepts, including pointers, classes, strings, arrays, polymorphism, inheritance, file handling, and more. Various types of the end of chapter exercises include theoretical, practical, and multiple choice (with answers) to enhance comprehension of the topics covered.

FEATURES:

• Uses a self-teaching method with numerous examples, figures, and a variety of exercises
• Covers all of the basic C++ concepts including strings, arrays, classes, file handling and more