C++: The Comprehensive Guide

Cover....1

Contents....6

Preface....26

PART I: Fundamentals....30

1 C++: The Comprehensive Guide....32

1.1 New and Modern....32

1.2 “Dan” Chapters....33

1.3 Presentation in This Book....34

1.4 Formatting Used....34

1.5 Let’s Talk Lingo....35

2 Programming in C++....36

2.1 Compiling....37

2.2 Translation Phases....38

2.3 Current Compilers....38

2.3.1 Gnu C++....39

2.3.2 Clang++ from LLVM....39

2.3.3 Microsoft Visual C++....39

2.3.4 Compiler in the Container....39

2.4 Development Environments....40

2.5 The Command Line under Ubuntu....42

2.5.1 Create a Program....43

2.5.2 Automate with Makefile....44

2.6 The Visual Studio Code IDE under Windows....45

2.7 Speed Up the Sample Program....52

3 C++ for Newcomers....54

4 The Basic Building Blocks of C++....62

4.1 A Quick Overview....65

4.1.1 Comments....65

4.1.2 The “include” Directive....65

4.1.3 The Standard Library....65

4.1.4 The “main()” Function....66

4.1.5 Types....66

4.1.6 Variables....66

4.1.7 Initialization....67

4.1.8 Output on the Console....68

4.1.9 Statements....68

4.2 A Detailed Walkthrough....69

4.2.1 Spaces, Identifiers, and Tokens....70

4.2.2 Comments....72

4.2.3 Functions and Arguments....73

4.2.4 Side Effect Operators....74

4.2.5 The “main” Function....75

4.2.6 Statements....77

4.2.7 Expressions....79

4.2.8 Allocations....80

4.2.9 Types....82

4.2.10 Variables: Declaration, Definition, and Initialization....88

4.2.11 Initialize with “auto”....89

4.2.12 Details on the Include Directive....91

4.2.13 Modules....92

4.2.14 Input and Output....93

4.2.15 The “std” Namespace....94

4.3 Operators....96

4.3.1 Operators and Operands....96

4.3.2 Overview of Operators....97

4.3.3 Arithmetic Operators....98

4.3.4 Bit-by-Bit Arithmetic....99

4.3.5 Composite Assignment....102

4.3.6 Post- and Preincrement and Post- and Predecrement....103

4.3.7 Relational Operators....103

4.3.8 Logical Operators....104

4.3.9 Pointer and Dereference Operators....105

4.3.10 Special Operators....106

4.3.11 Function-Like Operators....108

4.3.12 Operator Sequence....109

4.4 Built-In Data Types....110

4.4.1 Overview....111

4.4.2 Initialize Built-In Data Types....113

4.4.3 Integers....113

4.4.4 Floating-Point Numbers....126

4.4.5 Truth Values....140

4.4.6 Character Types....142

4.4.7 Complex Numbers....145

4.5 Undefined Behavior....148

5 Good Code, 1st Dan: Writing Readable Code....150

5.1 Comments....150

5.2 Documentation....151

5.3 Indentations and Line Length....152

5.4 Lines per Function and File....153

5.5 Brackets and Spaces....153

5.6 Names....155

6 Higher Data Types....158

6.1 The String Type “string”....159

6.1.1 Initialization....160

6.1.2 Functions and Methods....161

6.1.3 Other String Types....162

6.1.4 For Viewing Only: “string_view”....163

6.2 Streams....165

6.2.1 Input and Output Operators....165

6.2.2 “getline”....167

6.2.3 Files for Input and Output....167

6.2.4 Manipulators....169

6.2.5 The “endl” Manipulator....171

6.3 Container and Pointer....171

6.3.1 Container....171

6.3.2 Parameterized Types....172

6.4 The Simple Sequence Containers....173

6.4.1 “array”....173

6.4.2 “vector”....175

6.5 Algorithms....178

6.6 Pointers and C-Arrays....179

6.6.1 Pointer Types....179

6.6.2 C-Arrays....179

7 Functions....180

7.1 Declaration and Definition of a Function....181

7.2 Function Type....182

7.3 Using Functions....183

7.4 Defining a Function....184

7.5 More about Parameters....185

7.5.1 Call-by-Value....185

7.5.2 Call-by-Reference....186

7.5.3 Constant References....187

7.5.4 Call as Value, Reference, or Constant Reference?....188

7.6 Functional Body....189

7.7 Converting Parameters....191

7.8 Overloading Functions....193

7.9 Default Parameter....195

7.10 Arbitrary Number of Arguments....197

7.11 Alternative Notation for Function Declaration....197

7.12 Specialties....198

7.12.1 “noexcept”....198

7.12.2 Inline Functions....199

7.12.3 “constexpr”....199

7.12.4 Deleted Functions....200

7.12.5 Specialties in Class Methods....200

8 Statements in Detail....202

8.1 The Statement Block....205

8.1.1 Standalone Blocks and Variable Scope....206

8.2 The Empty Statement....207

8.3 Declaration Statement....208

8.3.1 Structured Binding....209

8.4 The Expression Statement....210

8.5 The “if” Statement....211

8.5.1 “if” with Initializer....214

8.5.2 Compile-Time “if”....214

8.6 The “while” Loop....215

8.7 The “do-while” Loop....217

8.8 The “for” Loop....218

8.9 The Range-Based “for” Loop....220

8.10 The “switch” Statement....221

8.11 The “break” Statement....226

8.12 The “continue” Statement....227

8.13 The “return” Statement....227

8.14 The “goto” Statement....228

8.15 The “try-catch” Block and “throw”....230

8.16 Summary....231

9 Expressions in Detail....232

9.1 Calculations and Side Effects....233

9.2 Types of Expressions....234

9.3 Literals....235

9.4 Identifiers....236

9.5 Parentheses....236

9.6 Function Call and Index Access....237

9.7 Assignment....237

9.8 Type Casting....239

10 Error Handling....242

10.1 Error Handling with Error Codes....244

10.2 What Is an Exception?....247

10.2.1 Throwing and Handling Exceptions....248

10.2.2 Unwinding the Call Stack....249

10.3 Minor Error Handling....250

10.4 Throwing the Exception Again: “rethrow”....250

10.5 The Order in “catch”....251

10.5.1 No “finally”....252

10.5.2 Standard Library Exceptions....252

10.6 Types for Exceptions....253

10.7 When an Exception Falls Out of “main”....254

11 Good Code, 2nd Dan: Modularization....256

11.1 Program, Library, Object File....256

11.2 Modules....257

11.3 Separating Functionalities....258

11.4 A Modular Example Project....259

11.4.1 Namespaces....262

11.4.2 Implementation....263

11.4.3 Using the Library....269

PART II: Object-Oriented Programming and More....272

12 From Structure to Class....274

12.1 Initialization....277

12.2 Returning Custom Types....278

12.3 Methods Instead of Functions....279

12.4 The Better “print”....282

12.5 An Output Like Any Other....284

12.6 Defining Methods Inline....285

12.7 Separate Implementation and Definition....286

12.8 Initialization via Constructor....287

12.8.1 Member Default Values in Declaration....290

12.8.2 Constructor Delegation....291

12.8.3 Default Values for Constructor Parameters....292

12.8.4 Do Not Call the “init” Method in the Constructor....293

12.8.5 Exceptions in the Constructor....294

12.9 Struct or Class?....294

12.9.1 Encapsulation....296

12.9.2 “public” and “private”, Struct and Class....296

12.9.3 Data with “struct”, Behavior with “class”....297

12.9.4 Initialization of Types with Private Data....297

12.10 Interim Recap....298

12.11 Using Custom Data Types....299

12.11.1 Using Classes as Values....301

12.11.2 Using Constructors....304

12.11.3 Type Conversions....305

12.11.4 Encapsulate and Decapsulate....307

12.11.5 Give Types a Local Name....311

12.12 Type Inference with “auto”....314

12.13 Custom Classes in Standard Containers....318

12.13.1 Three-Way Comparison: The Spaceship Operator....320

13 Namespaces and Qualifiers....322

13.1 The “std” Namespace....323

13.2 Anonymous Namespace....326

13.3 “static” Makes Local....328

13.4 “static” Likes to Share....329

13.5 Remote Initialization or “static inline” Data Fields....331

13.6 Guaranteed to Be Initialized at Compile Time with “constinit”....332

13.7 “static” Makes Permanent....332

13.8 “inline namespace”....334

13.9 Interim Recap....335

13.10 “const”....336

13.10.1 Const Parameters....337

13.10.2 Const Methods....338

13.10.3 “const” Variables....340

13.10.4 Const Returns....341

13.10.5 “const” Together with “static”....345

13.10.6 Even More Constant with “constexpr”....346

13.10.7 “if constexpr” for Compile-Time Decisions....349

13.10.8 C++20: “consteval”....351

13.10.9 “if consteval”....353

13.10.10 Un-“const” with “mutable”....354

13.10.11 Const-Correctness....354

13.10.12 Summary....356

13.11 Volatile with “volatile”....356

14 Good Code, 3rd Dan: Testing....360

14.1 Types of Tests....360

14.1.1 Refactoring....361

14.1.2 Unit Tests....362

14.1.3 Social or Solitary....363

14.1.4 Doppelgangers....365

14.1.5 Suites....366

14.2 Frameworks....367

14.2.1 Arrange, Act, Assert....369

14.2.2 Frameworks to Choose From....370

14.3 Boost.Test....371

14.4 Helper Macros for Assertions....375

14.5 An Example Project with Unit Tests....378

14.5.1 Private and Public Testing....379

14.5.2 An Automatic Test Module....380

14.5.3 Compile Test....383

14.5.4 Assemble the Test Suite Yourself....383

14.5.5 Testing Private Members....387

14.5.6 Parameterized Tests....388

15 Inheritance....390

15.1 Relationships....391

15.1.1 Has-a Composition....391

15.1.2 Has-a Aggregation....391

15.1.3 Is-a Inheritance....392

15.1.4 Instance-of versus Is-a Relationship....393

15.2 Inheritance in C++....393

15.3 Has-a versus Is-a....394

15.4 Finding Commonalities....395

15.5 Derived Types Extend....397

15.6 Overriding Methods....398

15.7 How Methods Work....399

15.8 Virtual Methods....401

15.9 Constructors in Class Hierarchies....403

15.10 Type Conversion in Class Hierarchies....404

15.10.1 Converting Up the Inheritance Hierarchy....404

15.10.2 Downcasting the Inheritance Hierarchy....405

15.10.3 References Also Retain Type Information....405

15.11 When to Use Virtual?....406

15.12 Other Designs for Extensibility....408

16 The Lifecycle of Classes....410

16.1 Creation and Destruction....411

16.2 Temporary: Short-Lived Values....413

16.3 The Destructor to the Constructor....415

16.3.1 No Destructor Needed....417

16.3.2 Resources in the Destructor....417

16.4 Yoda Condition....419

16.5 Construction, Destruction, and Exceptions....420

16.6 Copy....422

16.7 Assignment Operator....425

16.8 Removing Methods....428

16.9 Move Operations....429

16.9.1 What the Compiler Generates....433

16.10 Operators....434

16.11 Custom Operators in a Data Type....437

16.12 Special Class Forms....445

16.12.1 Abstract Classes and Methods....445

16.12.2 Enumeration Classes....447

17 Good Code, 4th Dan: Security, Quality, and Sustainability....450

17.1 The Rule of Zero....450

17.1.1 The Big Five....450

17.1.2 Helper Construct by Prohibition....451

17.1.3 The Rule of Zero and Its Application....452

17.1.4 Exceptions to the Rule of Zero....453

17.1.5 Rule of Zero, Rule of Three, Rule of Five, Rule of Four and a Half....455

17.2 Resource Acquisition Is Initialization....456

17.2.1 An Example with C....456

17.2.2 Owning Raw Pointers....458

17.2.3 From C to C++....459

17.2.4 It Doesn't Always Have to Be an Exception....461

17.2.5 Multiple Constructors....462

17.2.6 Multiphase Initialization....463

17.2.7 Define Where It Is Needed....463

17.2.8 “new” without Exceptions....463

18 Specials for Classes....466

18.1 Allowed to See Everything: “friend” Classes....466

18.1.1 “friend class” Example....468

18.2 Nonpublic Inheritance....470

18.2.1 Impact on the Outside World....472

18.2.2 Nonpublic Inheritance in Practice....474

18.3 Signature Classes as Interfaces....476

18.4 Multiple Inheritance....480

18.4.1 Multiple Inheritance in Practice....482

18.4.2 Caution with Pointer Type Conversions....486

18.4.3 The Observer Pattern as a Practical Example....488

18.5 Diamond-Shaped Multiple Inheritance: “virtual” for Class Hierarchies....489

18.6 Literal Data Types: “constexpr” for Constructors....494

19 Good Code, 5th Dan: Classical Object- Oriented Design....496

19.1 Objects in C++....498

19.2 Object-Oriented Design....499

19.2.1 SOLID....499

19.2.2 Don't Be STUPID....515

PART III: Advanced Topics....518

20 Pointers....520

20.1 Addresses....521

20.2 Pointer....522

20.3 Dangers of Aliasing....524

20.4 Heap Memory and Stack Memory....525

20.4.1 The Stack....525

20.4.2 The Heap....527

20.5 Smart Pointers....529

20.5.1 “unique_ptr”....531

20.5.2 “shared_ptr”....535

20.6 Raw Pointers....538

20.7 C-Arrays....542

20.7.1 Calculating with Pointers....543

20.7.2 Decay of C-Arrays....544

20.7.3 Dynamic C-Arrays....546

20.7.4 String Literals....547

20.8 Iterators....549

20.9 Pointers as Iterators....550

20.10 Pointers in Containers....551

20.11 The Exception: When Cleanup Is Not Necessary....551

21 Macros....554

21.1 The Preprocessor....555

21.2 Beware of Missing Parenthesis....559

21.3 Feature Macros....560

21.4 Information about the Source Code....560

21.5 Warning about Multiple Executions....561

21.6 Type Variability of Macros....562

21.7 Summary....565

22 Interface to C....566

22.1 Working with Libraries....567

22.2 C Header....568

22.3 C Resources....571

22.4 “void” Pointers....571

22.5 Reading Data....572

22.6 The Main Program....574

22.7 Summary....574

23 Templates....576

23.1 Function Templates....577

23.1.1 Overloading....578

23.1.2 A Type as Parameter....579

23.1.3 Function Body of a Function Template....579

23.1.4 Values as Template Parameters....582

23.1.5 Many Functions....583

23.1.6 Parameters with Extras....584

23.1.7 Method Templates are Just Function Templates....586

23.2 Function Templates in the Standard Library....587

23.2.1 Ranges instead of Containers as Template Parameters....588

23.2.2 Example: Information about Numbers....591

23.3 A Class as a Function....592

23.3.1 Values for a “Function” Parameter....593

23.3.2 C Function Pointer....594

23.3.3 The Somewhat Different Function....596

23.3.4 Practical Functors....599

23.3.5 Algorithms with Functors....601

23.3.6 Anonymous Functions: a.k.a. Lambda Expressions....601

23.3.7 Template Functions without “template”, but with “auto”....607

23.4 C++ Concepts....608

23.4.1 How to Read Concepts....608

23.4.2 How to Use Concepts....611

23.4.3 How to Write Concepts....613

23.4.4 Semantic Constraints....614

23.4.5 Interim Recap....615

23.5 Template Classes....615

23.5.1 Implementing Class Templates....616

23.5.2 Implementing Methods of Class Templates....617

23.5.3 Creating Objects from Class Templates....619

23.5.4 Class Templates with Multiple Formal Data Types....622

23.5.5 Class Templates with Nontype Parameters....624

23.5.6 Class Templates with Defaults....625

23.5.7 Specializing Class Templates....627

23.6 Templates with Variable Argument Count....629

23.6.1 “sizeof ...” Operator....632

23.6.2 Convert Parameter Pack to Tuple....632

23.7 Custom Literals....633

23.7.1 What Are Literals?....634

23.7.2 Naming Rules....634

23.7.3 Literal Processing Phases....635

23.7.4 Overloading Variants....635

23.7.5 User-Defined Literal Using Template....637

23.7.6 Raw or Cooked....640

23.7.7 Automatically Merged....641

23.7.8 Unicode Literals....641

PART IV: The Standard Library....644

24 Containers....646

24.1 Basics....647

24.1.1 Recurring....647

24.1.2 Abstract....648

24.1.3 Operations....649

24.1.4 Complexity....650

24.1.5 Containers and Their Iterators....652

24.1.6 Ranges Simplify Iterators....655

24.1.7 Ranges, Views, Concepts, Adapters, Generators, and Algorithms....658

24.1.8 Algorithms....659

24.2 Iterator Basics....659

24.2.1 Iterators from Containers....661

24.2.2 More Functionality with Iterators....662

24.3 Allocators: Memory Issues....664

24.4 Container Commonalities....667

24.5 An Overview of the Standard Container Classes....668

24.5.1 Type Aliases of Containers....669

24.6 The Sequential Container Classes....672

24.6.1 Commonalities and Differences....674

24.6.2 Methods of Sequence Containers....676

24.6.3 “vector”....678

24.6.4 “array”....697

24.6.5 “deque”....703

24.6.6 “list”....707

24.6.7 “forward_list”....710

24.7 Associative and Ordered....715

24.7.1 Commonalities and Differences....716

24.7.2 Methods of Ordered Associative Containers....717

24.7.3 “set”....718

24.7.4 “map”....732

24.7.5 “multiset”....739

24.7.6 “multimap”....744

24.8 Only Associative and Not Guaranteed....748

24.8.1 Hash Tables....748

24.8.2 Commonalities and Differences....753

24.8.3 Methods of Unordered Associative Containers....755

24.8.4 “unordered_set”....756

24.8.5 “unordered_map”....765

24.8.6 “unordered_multiset”....769

24.8.7 “unordered_multimap”....775

24.9 Container Adapters....778

24.10 Special Cases: “string”, “basic_string”, and “vector”....780

24.11 Special Cases: “vector”, “array”, and “bitset”....781

24.11.1 Dynamic and Compact: “vector”....782

24.11.2 Static: “array” and “bitset”....782

24.12 Special Case: Value Array with “valarray<>”....785

24.12.1 Element Properties....786

24.12.2 Initialize....788

24.12.3 Assignment....788

24.12.4 Insert and Delete....789

24.12.5 Accessing....789

24.12.6 Specialty: Manipulate All Data....789

24.12.7 Specialty: Slicing and Masking....790

25 Container Support....794

25.1 Algorithms....795

25.2 Iterators and Ranges....797

25.3 Iterator Adapter....799

25.4 Algorithms of the Standard Library....799

25.5 Parallel Execution....801

25.6 Lists of Algorithm Functions and Range Adapters....804

25.6.1 Range Adapters and Views....805

25.6.2 Ranges as Parameters (and More)....812

25.6.3 List of Nonmodifying Algorithms....814

25.6.4 Inherently Modifying Algorithms....819

25.6.5 Algorithms for Partitions....824

25.6.6 Algorithms for Sorting and Fast Searching in Sorted Ranges....825

25.6.7 Set Algorithms Represented by a Sorted Range....826

25.6.8 Heap Algorithms....828

25.6.9 Minimum and Maximum....829

25.6.10 Various Algorithms....829

25.7 Element-Linking Algorithms from “” and “”....830

25.8 Copy instead of Assignment: Values in Uninitialized Memory Areas....837

25.9 Custom Algorithms....839

25.10 Writing Custom Views and Range Adapters....841

26 Good Code, 6th Dan: The Right Container for Each Task....844

26.1 All Containers Arranged by Aspects....844

26.1.1 When Is a “vector” Not the Best Choice?....844

26.1.2 Always Sorted: “set”, “map”, “multiset”, and “multimap”....845

26.1.3 In Memory Contiguously: “vector”, “array”....845

26.1.4 Cheap Insertion: “list”....846

26.1.5 Low Memory Overhead: “vector”, “array”....847

26.1.6 Size Dynamic: All Except “array”....848

26.2 Recipes for Containers....849

26.2.1 Two Phases? “vector” as a Good “set” Replacement....849

26.2.2 Output the Contents of a Container to a Stream....851

26.2.3 So “array” Is Not That Static....851

26.3 Implementing Algorithms That Are Specialized Depending on the Container....855

27 Streams, Files, and Formatting....856

27.1 Input and Output Concept with Streams....856

27.2 Global, Predefined Standard Streams....857

27.2.1 Stream Operators << and >>....858

27.3 Methods for Stream Input and Output....859

27.3.1 Methods for Unformatted Output....859

27.3.2 Methods for Unformatted Input....861

27.4 Error Handling and Stream States....863

27.4.1 Methods for Handling Stream Errors....864

27.5 Manipulating and Formatting Streams....866

27.5.1 Manipulators....867

27.5.2 Creating Custom Manipulators without Arguments....872

27.5.3 Creating Custom Manipulators with Arguments....874

27.5.4 Directly Change Format Flags....875

27.6 Streams for File Input and Output....878

27.6.1 The “ifstream”, “ofstream”, and “fstream” Streams....878

27.6.2 Connecting to a File....878

27.6.3 Reading and Writing....883

27.6.4 Random Access....889

27.6.5 Synchronized Streams for Threads....890

27.7 Streams for Strings....891

27.7.1 Difference from “to_string”....895

27.7.2 “to_chars” and “format” Are More Flexible than “to_string”....896

27.7.3 Reading from a String....896

27.8 Stream Buffers....897

27.8.1 Access to the Stream Buffer of “iostream” Objects....898

27.8.2 “filebuf”....899

27.8.3 “stringbuf”....899

27.9 “filesystem”....899

27.10 Formatting....901

27.10.1 Simple Formatting....902

27.10.2 Formatting Custom Types....904

28 Standard Library: Extras....908

28.1 “pair” and “tuple”....908

28.1.1 Returning Multiple Values....909

28.2 Regular Expressions....916

28.2.1 Matching and Searching....917

28.2.2 The Result and Parts of It....917

28.2.3 Found Replacement....918

28.2.4 Rich in Variants....918

28.2.5 Iterators....919

28.2.6 Matches....919

28.2.7 Options....920

28.2.8 Speed....920

28.2.9 Standard Syntax, Slightly Shortened....921

28.2.10 Notes on Regular Expressions in C++....922

28.3 Randomness....925

28.3.1 Rolling a Die....926

28.3.2 True Randomness....928

28.3.3 Other Generators....928

28.3.4 Distributions....930

28.4 Mathematical....934

28.4.1 Fraction and Time: “” and “”....934

28.4.2 Predefined Suffixes for User-Defined Literals....956

28.5 System Error Handling with “system_error”....959

28.5.1 Overview....959

28.5.2 Principles....960

28.5.3 “error_code” and “error_condition”....961

28.5.4 Error Categories....965

28.5.5 Custom Error Codes....965

28.5.6 “system_error” Exception....966

28.6 Runtime Type Information: “” and “”....967

28.7 Helper Classes around Functors: “”....971

28.7.1 Function Objects....972

28.7.2 Function Generators....976

28.8 “optional” for a Single Value or No Value....979

28.9 “variant” for One of Several Types....979

28.10 “any” Holds Any Type....981

28.11 Special Mathematical Functions....982

28.12 Fast Conversion with “”....983

29 Threads: Programming with Concurrency....986

29.1 C++ Threading Basics....987

29.1.1 Starting Pure Threads....988

29.1.2 Terminating a Thread Prematurely....989

29.1.3 Waiting for a Thread....990

29.1.4 Consider Exceptions in the Starting Thread....991

29.1.5 Passing Parameters to a Thread Function....994

29.1.6 Moving a Thread....999

29.1.7 How Many Threads to Start?....1001

29.1.8 Which Thread Am I?....1003

29.2 Shared Data....1004

29.2.1 Data Races....1004

29.2.2 Latch....1007

29.2.3 Barriers....1007

29.2.4 Mutexes....1009

29.2.5 Interface Design for Multithreading....1011

29.2.6 Locks Can Lead to Deadlock....1016

29.2.7 More Flexible Locking with “unique_lock”....1018

29.3 Other Synchronization Options....1020

29.3.1 Call Only Once with “once_flag” and “call_once”....1020

29.3.2 Locking with “recursive_mutex”....1022

29.4 In Its Own Storage with “thread_local”....1023

29.5 Waiting for Events with “condition_variable”....1024

29.5.1 “notify_all”....1027

29.5.2 Synchronize Output....1028

29.6 Waiting Once with “future”....1029

29.6.1 Launch Policies....1030

29.6.2 Wait Until a Certain Time....1031

29.6.3 Exception Handling with “future”....1034

29.6.4 “promise”....1036

29.7 Atomics....1039

29.7.1 Overview of the Operations....1041

29.7.2 Memory Order....1042

29.7.3 Example....1044

29.8 Coroutines....1045

29.8.1 Coroutines in the Compiler....1045

29.8.2 Generator....1046

29.8.3 Coroutines with “promise_type”....1047

29.9 Summary....1050

29.9.1 “” Header....1050

29.9.2 “” and “” Headers....1050

29.9.3 “” and “” Headers....1051

29.9.4 “” Header....1051

29.9.5 “” Header....1052

29.9.6 “” Header....1052

29.9.7 “” Header....1052

30 Good Code, 7th Dan: Guidelines....1054

30.1 Guideline Support Library....1055

30.2 C++ Core Guidelines....1055

30.2.1 Motivation....1056

30.2.2 Type Safety....1057

30.2.3 Use RAII....1058

30.2.4 Class Hierarchies....1061

30.2.5 Generic Programming....1063

30.2.6 Do Not Be Confused by Anachronisms....1066

Appendices....1068

A Cheat Sheet....1068

B The Author....1072

Index....1074

If you need to know C++, look no further! This comprehensive guide has everything you need to master the modern C++23 language, from syntax fundamentals to advanced development concepts. Follow practical code examples as you learn object-oriented programming, work with standard library containers, program concurrent applications, and more. Don’t just learn how to code—learn how to code better with expert tips and guidance on the rules of compact, secure, and efficient code.

• Your all in one guide to modern C++
• Work with the C++ language, from basic syntax and functions to more advanced features such as pointers and macros
• Learn to use the standard library and containers

Basic to Advanced Programming

Master C++ programming from the ground up. Learn how to code with building blocks such as comments, variables, and functions, and then walk through object-oriented programming. Graduate to advanced concepts, including pointers and templates.

The Standard Library

Dive into the C++ standard library, including an in-depth guide to containers: what they can do, what they can’t do, and how to choose the right one for your scenario. Work with streams and files, explore unique syntax, and implement concurrency using threads.

Good Coding Practices

Write effective, sustainable code. Dedicated chapters provide guidelines, techniques, and tips for good coding. Put theory into practice with numerous sample programs that you can download to help jump-start your own projects.