Target C#: Simple Hands-On Programming with Visual Studio 2022

Table of Contents....5

About the Author....14

Acknowledgments....15

Introduction....16

Chapter 1: .NET....19

.NET: What Is It?....19

.NET Core: What Is It?....20

C# Language Versioning....21

.NET and C# Compilation Process....23

Compile Time and Runtime....24

Framework and Library....25

Library....25

Framework....26

Managed and Unmanaged Code....28

Chapter Summary....28

Chapter 2: Software Installation....30

About the .NET Framework....30

Installing the .NET Framework....31

Verify the .NET Framework Installation....36

Installing Visual Studio....38

Verify the Visual Studio Installation....41

Chapter Summary....42

Chapter 3: Introduction....43

Computer Program....43

Programming Languages....44

A Computer Program: A Recipe....45

Type in C#....48

The Basic Operations of a Computer....53

C# Program Application Formats....53

Format 1: Console Application....53

Format 2: .NET MAUI....55

Format 3: ASP.NET Web Applications....56

The Structure of a C# Program....56

Namespaces....62

Classes....63

Naming a Class: Class Identifiers....65

Chapter Summary....66

Chapter 4: Input and Output....68

Write to and Read from the Console....68

Change Console Display Settings....84

Chapter Summary....90

Chapter 5: Commenting Code....92

C# Single-Line Comments....94

New .NET 6 Templates....99

C# Multiple-Line Comments....104

Chapter Summary....106

Chapter 6: Data Types....108

Data Types, Variables, and Conversion....108

Data Types....108

Conversion from One Data Type to Another....111

Converting....112

Something a Little Different with Our Variables....135

C# 8 Nullable Reference Types....141

Chapter Summary....155

Chapter 7: Casting and Parsing....158

Data Types, Casting, and Parsing....158

Chapter Summary....172

Chapter 8: Arithmetic....174

Arithmetic Operations....174

Common Arithmetic Operators....176

Integer Division....177

Solution Explorer and Project Analysis....181

Other Operators....199

Plus Equals ( +=)....202

Minus Equals ( -=)....203

Multiply Equals ( *=)....203

Divide Equals ( /=)....204

Square Root....205

Chapter Summary....207

Chapter 9: Selection....209

Arithmetic Operations....209

Selection....209

Comparison Operators....210

The if Construct....217

The if-else Construct....222

The if else if Construct....224

The switch Construct....231

The switch Construct Using when....239

switch with Strings....245

switch with Strings....253

Additional Example....253

Logical Operators....261

Using the AND Operator....263

Using the OR Operator....269

Using the NOT Operator....274

Conditional Operator (Ternary Operator)....278

Nested Ternary Conditional Operator....282

Chapter Summary....287

Chapter 10: Iteration....289

Iteration and Loops....289

Introduction to Iteration....289

For Loop....290

Break Statement....304

Continue Statement....308

While Loop....312

Break Statement....321

Continue Statement....323

Do (While) Loop....327

Break Statement....335

Continue Statement....338

Chapter Summary....341

Chapter 11: Arrays....343

Arrays: A Data Structure....343

Single-Dimensional Arrays....346

Choice 1: Declaring and Creating an Array in Two Stages....348

Choice 2: Declaring and Creating an Array in One Stage....349

Referencing the Array Elements....352

foreach Loop....362

IndexOutOfBounds Exception....374

Ranges and Indices: C# 8 and Above....376

Range....382

Chapter Summary....386

Chapter 12: Methods....388

Methods: Modularization....388

Methods: Concepts of Methods and Functions....388

Some Points Regarding Methods....390

Three Types of Methods....394

Void Methods....395

Value Methods....410

Parameter Methods....420

Method Overloading....438

C# 7 Local Function....442

C# 8 Static Local Function....447

C# 10 Null Parameter Checking....450

C# 10 Null Parameter Checking Approach....454

Chapter Summary....456

Chapter 13: Classes....459

Classes and Objects in OOP....459

A Class Is a Data Structure....460

Type 1: Fields....461

Type 2: Constants....462

Type 3: Methods....463

Type 4: Properties....465

Type 5: Constructor....466

Constructor Overloading....471

Constructor....502

Another Constructor....507

Additional Example for Classes and Objects....515

CircleFormulae Class....516

RectangleFormulae Class....524

Chapter Summary....533

Chapter 14: Interfaces....534

Interfaces and Abstract Classes....534

The Interface or Abstract Class as a Manager....536

Instantiate the Abstract Class?....544

Static Members of the Abstract Class....550

Concept of an Interface....563

Implementing Multiple Interfaces....573

Concept of Default Method in an Interface....593

Concept of Static Methods and Fields in an Interface....601

Chapter Summary....603

Chapter 15: String Handling....605

String Handling and Manipulation....605

String Literals....607

Substring....611

Length....614

StartsWith()....615

Split()....617

CompareTo()....621

ToUpper() and ToLower()....625

Concat()....626

Trim()....627

Replace()....629

Contains()....631

IndexOf()....632

Insert()....634

String.Format()....637

Formatting the Items in the String....638

String Interpolation....640

String Interpolation: Spacing....643

@ Verbatim....644

What About $@ or @$?....647

Const String Interpolation....649

Chapter Summary....654

Chapter 16: File Handling....656

File Handling....656

An Overview of File Handling....657

File Class....658

Writing to a File....667

WriteAllText()....667

WriteAllLines()....669

WriteAllBytes()....670

Reading from a File....674

ReadAllText()....674

ReadAllLines()....676

ReadAllBytes()....678

Copy a File....680

Copy()....681

Delete a File....683

Delete()....684

StreamReader Class....686

Stream....686

Synchronous and Asynchronous....687

StreamReader Class Methods....688

StreamWriter Class....688

Reading from a Stream....689

Writing to a Stream....691

Async Methods and Asynchronous Programming....694

WriteLineAsync....695

FileStream....696

FileModes....696

Chapter Summary....700

Chapter 17: Exception Handling....702

Exceptions....702

What Is an Exception?....702

try....705

catch....706

finally....708

throw....708

Multiple Exceptions....713

FileNotFoundException....716

finally....719

StackTrace....722

throw....723

rethrow....725

Chapter Summary....734

Chapter 18: Serialization....736

Serialization and Deserialization....736

Deserialization....737

Attribute [NonSerialized]....737

Serializing the Object....747

Deserializing the Serialized File to a Class....752

Access Modifier [NonSerialized]....758

Serialization Using XML....760

Serialization Using JSON....771

Chapter Summary....779

Chapter 19: Structs....781

Concept of a Struct as a Structure Type....781

Difference Between Struct and Class....782

Struct with a Default Constructor Only....784

Struct with a User Constructor....787

Struct Instantiation Without the New Keyword....788

Struct Instantiation with the New Keyword....789

Creating a Constructor....791

Creating Member Properties (Get and Set Accessors)....792

Encapsulation....796

Readonly Struct....796

Creating a Readonly Struct....797

C# 8 readonly Members....801

C# 8 Nullable Reference Types....805

Chapter Summary....810

Chapter 20: Enumerations....811

Concept of Enumerations....811

Defining an Enumeration....812

Enumeration Examples....812

Enumerated Values: Use and Scope....814

Enumeration Methods....817

Using the foreach Iteration....819

Enumeration Values: GetValues()....822

Assigning Our Own Values to the Enumeration....823

Use the GetName() and GetValues() Methods....825

Sample Application Using Enumerations....826

Chapter Summary....838

Chapter 21: Delegates....839

Concept of Delegates....839

Single Delegate....843

Declare the Delegate with Its Return Type and Method Signature....843

Instantiate the Delegate and Set Its Target Method....844

Invoke the Delegate....845

Multicast Delegates....846

Instantiate the Delegate Again and Set the New Instances’ Target Method....848

Chain the Delegates....849

Invoke the Multicast Delegate....849

More Complex Example....850

Chapter Summary....860

Chapter 22: Events....861

Concept of Events....861

Publisher and Subscriber....861

Declare an Event....864

Raise an Event....865

Handle an Event....865

Add a Method to an Event Using +=....872

Refer the Event to a Second Method Using +=....873

Refer the Event to a Third Method Using +=....875

Remove a Method from an Event Using -=....877

Chapter Summary....878

Chapter 23: Generics....880

Concept of Generics....880

Generic Class, Generic Method, Generic Parameters....884

Generic Class, Generic Method, Mixed Parameter Types....890

Generic Method Only....892

Chapter Summary....898

Chapter 24: Common Routines....899

Common Programming Routines with C#....899

Linear Search....899

Create an Application That Will Implement a Linear Search....900

Binary Search (Iterative Binary Search)....906

Bubble Sort....914

Insertion Sort....920

Chapter Summary....928

Chapter 25: Programming Labs....929

C# Practice Exercises....929

Chapter 4 Labs: WriteLine()....930

Lab 1....930

Lab 2....930

Lab 3....930

Lab 4....930

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-1....930

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-2....931

Lab 3: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-3....932

Lab 4: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-4....933

Chapter 6 Labs: Data Types....934

Lab 1....934

Lab 2....934

Lab 3....934

Lab 4....934

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-5....935

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-6....935

Lab 3: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-7....936

Lab 4: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-8....938

Chapter 7 Labs: Data Conversion and Arithmetic....942

Lab 1....942

Lab 2....943

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-9....943

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-10....944

Chapter 8 Labs: Arithmetic....946

Lab 1....946

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-11....947

Chapter 9 Labs: Selection....948

Lab 1....948

Lab 2....949

Lab 3....949

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-12....949

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-13....950

Lab 3: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-14....951

Chapter 10 Labs: Iteration....953

Lab 1....953

Lab 2....953

Lab 3....954

Lab 4....954

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-15....954

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-16....955

Lab 3: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-17....957

Lab 4: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-18....958

Chapter 11 Labs: Arrays....959

Lab 1....959

Lab 2....959

Lab 3....960

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-19....960

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-20....962

Lab 3: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-21....963

Chapter 12 Labs: Methods....965

Lab 1....965

Lab 2....965

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-22....966

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-23....969

Chapter 13 Labs: Classes....972

Lab 1....972

Lab 2....973

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-24....974

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-25....978

Chapter 14 Labs: Interfaces....980

Lab 1....980

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-26....981

Chapter 15 Labs: String Handling....983

Lab 1....983

Lab 2....983

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-27....984

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-28....985

Chapter 16 Labs: File Handling....988

Lab 1....988

Lab 2....988

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-29....988

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-30....990

Chapter 17 Labs: Exceptions....992

Lab 1....992

Lab 2....992

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-31....993

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-32....994

Chapter 18 Labs: Serialization of a Class....995

Lab 1....995

Lab 2....995

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-33....996

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-34....999

Chapter 19 Labs: Structs....1002

Lab 1....1002

Lab 2....1003

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-35....1003

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-36....1006

Chapter 20 Labs: Enumerations....1008

Lab 1....1008

Lab 2....1009

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-37....1010

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-38....1012

Chapter 21 Labs: Delegates....1017

Lab 1....1017

Lab 2....1018

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-39....1019

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-40....1021

Chapter 22 Labs: Events....1023

Lab 1....1023

Lab 2....1025

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-41....1026

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-42....1028

Chapter 23 Labs: Generics....1032

Lab 1....1032

Lab 2....1033

Lab 1: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-43....1034

Lab 2: Possible Solution with output shown in Figure 25-44....1035

Chapter Summary....1037

Untitled....929

Chapter 26: C# 11....1039

C# New Features....1039

Raw String Literals....1040

New Lines in String Interpolations....1048

List Patterns....1050

Auto Default Struct....1056

Warning Wave 7....1061

Chapter Summary....1063

Index....1065

So, you want to learn C# and Visual Studio 2022, but are a bit intimidated? Don’t be. Programming is within your grasp! Programmers at any level have to fully understand, and more importantly, be able to code the core constructs. It is impossible to use complex programming concepts such as classes before understanding what methods and variables and their data types are. Once there is a foundation built on the basics, then all other topics can fall in line.

While it is a forgone conclusion that languages change with the introduction of new features, the core concepts do not. Even large enterprises do not always update to the latest versions of languages and frameworks; their "backbone" applications have been developed to work, regardless. More than ever, enterprises need developers who can master and apply the core programming concepts and then be "up-skilled" with newer language levels and features as they integrate into the company.

This book builds from the ground up.You will begin with an introduction to programming, learning the foundational concepts needed to become a C# programmer. You will then put to practice a wide range of programming concepts, including data types, selection, iteration, arrays, methods, classes and objects, serialization, file handling, and string handling. You will learn enough to develop applications that emulate commercial application code. Once you’ve got the foundational concepts, get ready to dive into common programming routines, including linear search, binary search, bubble sort and insertion sort, and use C# to code them. Code example annotations supplement the learning and are designed to enhance learning while also explaining why the code does what it does.

This book:

• Teaches core programming through well-explained and simple-to-follow instructions
• Reinforces programming skills through the use of coding examples that extend user learnings
• Explains theoretical programming concepts; applies them practically with code examples
• Introduces the latest Microsoft C# Integrated Development Environment (Visual Studio 2022)
• Enlists clear, precise, and easy-to-understand language to assist readers of all levels and experience
• Uses a mix of "theory" and practical information that is designed to be friendly and engaging

Who This Book Is For

Beginners, those refreshing their C# skills, or those moving from another programming language. No skills or previous knowledge is required. Readers will need to download Visual Studio 2022 Community Edition as this is what the book code has been based on, but they could use other Integrated Development Environments.