Security and Privacy Vision in 6G: A Comprehensive Guide

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Acronyms

About the Authors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I Introduction

Chapter 1 Evolution of Mobile Networks

1.1 Introduction

1.2 6G Mobile Communication Networks

1.2.1 6G as Envisioned Today

1.3 Key Driving Trends Toward 6G

1.4 6G Requirements/Vision

1.4.1 6G Development Timeline

References

Chapter 2 Key 6G Technologies

2.1 Radio Network Technologies

2.2 AI/ML/FL

2.3 DLT/Blockchain

2.4 Edge Computing

2.5 Quantum Communication

2.6 Other New Technologies

2.6.1 Visible Light Communications

2.6.2 Large Intelligent Surfaces

2.6.3 Compressive Sensing

2.6.4 Zero‐Touch Network and Service Management

2.6.5 Efficient Energy Transfer and Harvesting

References

Chapter 3 6G Security Vision

3.1 Overview of 6G Security Vision

3.1.1 New 6G Requirements

3.2 6G Security Vision and KPIs

3.2.1 Security Threat Landscape for 6G Architecture

References

Part II Security in 6G Architecture

Chapter 4 6G Device Security

4.1 Overview of 6G Devices

4.2 6G Device Security Challenges

4.2.1 Growth of Data Collection

4.2.2 Cloud Connectivity

4.2.3 Device Capacity

4.2.4 Ultrasaturated Devices

4.3 Addressing Device Security in 6G

References

Chapter 5 Open RAN and RAN‐Core Convergence

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Open RAN Architecture

5.3 Threat Vectors and Security Risks Associated with Open RAN

5.3.1 Threat Taxonomy

5.3.2 Risks Related to the Process

5.3.2.1 Prerequisites

5.3.2.2 General Regulations

5.3.2.3 Privacy

5.3.2.4 People

5.3.3 Risks Related to the Technology

5.3.3.1 Open Source Software

5.3.3.2 Radio/Open Interface

5.3.3.3 Intelligence

5.3.3.4 Virtualization

5.3.4 Global Risks

5.4 Security Benefits of Open RAN

5.4.1 Open RAN specific

5.4.1.1 Full Visibility

5.4.1.2 Selection of Best Modules

5.4.1.3 Diversity

5.4.1.4 Modularity

5.4.1.5 Enforcement of Security Controls

5.4.1.6 Open Interfaces

5.4.1.7 Open Source Software

5.4.1.8 Automation

5.4.1.9 Open Standards

5.4.2 V‐RAN Specific

5.4.2.1 Isolation

5.4.2.2 Increased Scalability for Security Management

5.4.2.3 Control Trust

5.4.2.4 Less Dependency Between hardware [HW] and SW

5.4.2.5 Private Network

5.4.2.6 More Secure Storage of Key Material

5.4.3 5G Networks Related

5.4.3.1 Edge Oriented

5.4.3.2 Simpler Security Model

5.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6 Edge Intelligence*

6.1 Overview of Edge Intelligence

6.2 State‐of‐the‐Art Related to 5G

6.2.1 Denial of Service (DOS)

6.2.2 Man‐in‐the‐Middle (MitM) Attack

6.2.3 Privacy Leakage

6.3 State‐of‐the‐Art Related to 6G

6.3.1 Training Dataset Manipulation

6.3.2 Interception of Private Information

6.3.3 Attacks on Learning Agents

6.4 Edge Computing Security in Autonomous Driving

6.5 Future and Challenges

References

Chapter 7 Specialized 6G Networks and Network Slicing

7.1 Overview of 6G Specialized Networks

7.2 Network Slicing in 6G

7.2.1 Trust in Network Slicing

7.2.2 Privacy Aspects in Network Slicing

7.2.3 Solutions for Privacy and Trust in NS

References

Chapter 8 Industry 5.0*

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Motivations Behind the Evolution of Industry 5.0

8.3 Key Features of Industry 5.0

8.3.1 Smart Additive Manufacturing

8.3.2 Predictive Maintenance

8.3.3 Hyper Customization

8.3.4 Cyber‐Physical Cognitive Systems

8.4 Security of Industry 5.0

8.4.1 Security Issues of Industry 5.0

8.5 Privacy of Industry 5.0

References

Part III Security in 6G Use Cases

Chapter 9 Metaverse Security in 6G

9.1 Overview of Metaverse

9.2 What Is Metaverse?

9.2.1 Metaverse Architecture

9.2.2 Key Characteristics of Metaverse

9.2.3 Role of 6G in Metaverse

9.3 Security Threats in Metaverse

9.4 Countermeasures for Metaverse Security Threats

9.5 New Trends in Metaverse Security

Chapter 10 Society 5.0 and Security*

10.1 Industry and Society Evolution

10.1.1 Industry 4.0

10.1.2 Society 5.0

10.2 Technical Enablers and Challenges

10.2.1 Dependable Wireless Connectivity

10.2.1.1 New Spectrum and Extreme Massive MIMO

10.2.1.2 In‐X Subnetworks

10.2.1.3 Semantic Communication

10.2.2 Integrated Communication, Control, Computation, and Sensing

10.2.2.1 CoCoCo

10.2.2.2 JCAS

10.2.3 Intelligence Everywhere

10.2.4 Energy Harvesting and Transfer

10.2.4.1 Energy Harvesting

10.2.4.2 Wireless Power Transfer

10.3 Security in Society 5.0

References

Chapter 11 6G‐Enabled Internet of Vehicles

11.1 Overview of V2X Communication and IoV

11.2 IoV Use Cases

11.3 Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAV)

11.4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Future IoV

11.5 Security Landscape for IoV

11.5.1 Security Threats

11.5.2 Security Requirements

References

Chapter 12 Smart Grid 2.0 Security*

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Evolution of SG 2.0

12.3 Smart Grid 2.0

12.3.1 Comparison of Smart Grids 1.0 and 2.0

12.4 Role of 6G in SG 2.0

12.5 Security Challenges of SG 2.0

12.5.1 Physical Attacks

12.5.2 Software Attacks

12.5.3 Network Attacks

12.5.4 Attacks to the Controller

12.5.5 Encryption‐Related Attacks

12.5.6 AI‐ and ML‐Related Attacks

12.5.7 Stability and Reliability of Power Supply

12.5.8 Secure and Transparent Energy Trading Among Prosumers and Consumers

12.5.9 Efficient and Reliable Communication Topology for Information and Control Signal Exchange

12.6 Privacy Issues of SG2.0

12.7 Trust Management

12.8 Security and Privacy Standardization on SG 2.0

References

Part IV Privacy in 6G Vision

Chapter 13 6G Privacy*

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Privacy Taxonomy

13.3 Privacy in Actions on Data

13.3.1 Information Collection

13.3.2 Information Processing

13.3.3 Information Dissemination

13.3.4 Invasion

13.4 Privacy Types for 6G

13.4.1 Data

13.4.2 Actions and Personal Behavior

13.4.3 Image and Video

13.4.4 Communication

13.4.5 Location

13.5 6G Privacy Goals

13.5.1 Ensure of Privacy‐Protected Big Data

13.5.2 Privacy Guarantees for Edge Networks

13.5.3 Achieving Balance Between Privacy and Performance of Services

13.5.4 Standardization of Privacy in Technologies, and Applications

13.5.5 Balance the Interests in Privacy Protection in Global Context

13.5.6 Achieving Proper Utilization of Interoperability and Data Portability

13.5.7 Quantifying Privacy and Privacy Violations

13.5.7.1 Achieving Privacy Protected AI‐Driven Automated Network Management Operations

13.5.8 Getting Explanations of AI Actions for Privacy Requirements

References

Chapter 14 6G Privacy Challenges and Possible Solution*

14.1 Introduction

14.2 6G Privacy Challenges and Issues

14.2.1 Advanced 6G Applications with New Privacy Requirements

14.2.2 Privacy Preservation Limitations for B5G/6G Control and Orchestration Layer

14.2.3 Privacy Attacks on AI Models

14.2.4 Privacy Requirements in Cloud Computing and Storage Environments

14.2.5 Privacy Issues in Edge Computing and Edge AI

14.2.6 Cost on Privacy Enhancements

14.2.7 Limited Availability of Explainable AI (XAI) Techniques

14.2.8 Ambiguity in Responsibility of Data Ownership

14.2.9 Data Communication Confidentiality Issues

14.2.10 Private Data Access Limitations

14.2.11 Privacy Differences Based on Location

14.2.12 Lack of Understanding of Privacy Rights and Threats in General Public

14.2.13 Difficulty in Defining Levels and Indicators for Privacy

14.2.13.1 Proper Evaluation of Potential Privacy Leakages from Non‐personal Data

14.3 Privacy Solutions for 6G

14.3.1 Privacy‐Preserving Decentralized AI

14.3.2 Edge AI

14.3.3 Intelligent Management with Privacy

14.3.4 XAI for Privacy

14.3.5 Privacy Measures for Personally Identifiable Information

14.3.6 Blockchain‐Based Solutions

14.3.7 Lightweight and Quantum Resistant Encryption Mechanisms

14.3.8 Homomorphic Encryption

14.3.9 Privacy‐Preserving Data Publishing Techniques

14.3.9.1 Syntactic Anonymization

14.3.9.2 Differential Privacy

14.3.10 Privacy by Design and Privacy by Default

14.3.11 Regulation of Government, Industry, and Consumer

14.3.12 Other Solutions

14.3.12.1 Location Privacy Considerations

14.3.12.2 Personalized Privacy

14.3.12.3 Fog Computing Privacy

References

Chapter 15 Legal Aspects and Security Standardization

15.1 Legal

15.2 Security Standardization

15.2.1 ETSI

15.2.2 ITU‐T

15.2.3 3GPP

15.2.4 NIST

15.2.5 IETF

15.2.6 5G PPP

15.2.7 NGMN

15.2.8 IEEE

References

Part V Security in 6G Technologies

Chapter 16 Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and Blockchain*

16.1 Introduction

16.2 What Is Blockchain

16.2.1 Types of Blockchain

16.3 What Is Smart Contracts

16.4 Salient Features of Blockchain

16.5 Key Security Challenges Which Blockchain Can Solve

16.5.1 Role of Blockchain

16.6 Key Privacy Challenges Which Blockchain Can Solve

16.6.1 Key Challenges

16.6.2 Role of Blockchain

16.7 Threat Landscape of Blockchain

16.8 Possible Solutions to Secure 6G Blockchains

References

Chapter 17 AI/ML for 6G Security*

17.1 Overview of 6G Intelligence

17.2 AI for 6G Security

17.3 Use of AI to Identify/Mitigate Pre‐6G Security Issues

17.4 AI to Mitigate Security Issues of 6G Architecture

17.5 AI to Mitigate Security Issues of 6G Technologies

17.6 Security Issues in AI

17.7 Using AI to Attack 6G

References

Chapter 18 Role of Explainable AI in 6G Security*

18.1 What Is Explainable AI (XAI)

18.1.1 Terminologies of XAI

18.1.2 Taxonomy of XAI

18.1.3 XAI Methods

18.2 Use of XAI for 6G

18.3 XAI for 6G Security

18.3.1 XAI for 6G Devices and IoT Security

18.3.2 XAI for 6G RAN

18.3.3 XAI for 6G Edge

18.3.4 XAI for 6G Core and Backhaul

18.3.5 XAI for 6G Network Automation

18.4 New Security Issues of XAI

18.4.1 Increased Vulnerability to Adversarial ML Attacks

18.4.2 Difficulty to Design Secure ML Applications

18.4.3 New Attack Vector and Target

References

Chapter 19 Zero Touch Network and Service Management (ZSM) Security

19.1 Introduction

19.1.1 Need of Zero‐Touch Network and Service Management

19.1.2 Importance of ZSM for 5G and Beyond

19.2 ZSM Reference Architecture

19.2.1 Components

19.2.1.1 Management Services

19.2.1.2 Management Functions

19.2.1.3 Management Domains

19.2.1.4 The E2E Service Management Domain

19.2.1.5 Integration Fabric

19.2.1.6 Data Services

19.3 Security Aspects

19.3.1 ML/AI‐Based Attacks

19.3.1.1 White‐Box Attack

19.3.1.2 Black‐Box Attack

19.3.2 Open API Security Threats

19.3.2.1 Parameter Attacks

19.3.3 Intent‐Based Security Threats

19.3.3.1 Data Exposure

19.3.3.2 Tampering

19.3.4 Automated Closed‐Loop Network‐Based Security Threats

19.3.4.1 MITM Attack

19.3.4.2 Deception Attacks

19.3.5 Threats Due to Programmable Network Technologies

19.3.6 Possible Threats on ZSM Framework Architecture

References

Chapter 20 Physical Layer Security*

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Physical Layer Security Background

20.2.1 PLS Fundamentals

20.2.2 PLS Approaches

20.2.2.1 Confidentiality (Edgar)

20.2.2.2 Physical Layer Authentication

20.2.2.3 Secret Key Generation

20.3 The Prospect of PLS in 6G

20.3.1 Application Scenarios of PLS in 6G

20.3.2 6G Technologies and PLS

20.3.2.1 IRS

20.3.2.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

20.3.3 Cell‐Free mMIMO

20.3.4 Visible Light Communication (VLC)

20.3.5 Terahertz Communication

20.3.6 Joint Communications and Sensing

References

Chapter 21 Quantum Security and Postquantum Cryptography*

21.1 Overview of 6G and Quantum Computing

21.2 Quantum Computing

21.3 Quantum Security

21.3.1 Quantum Key Distribution

21.3.2 Information‐Theoretic Security

21.4 Postquantum Cryptography

21.4.1 Background

21.4.2 PQC Methods

21.4.3 PQC Standardization

21.4.4 Challenges with PQC

21.4.5 Future Directions of PQC

21.4.6 6G and PQC

References

Part VI Concluding Remarks

Chapter 22 Concluding Remarks

Index

EULA

6G is the next frontier in the field of mobile communications, the development of standards for which will begin in 2026. As telecommunications networks become faster and more intelligent, security and privacy issues are becoming more relevant. With the growing number of connections, there is an urgent need to protect user data and improve the security of systems from new generation threats.

The book contains a complete overview of these threats and new methods of protection against them. It includes forecasting, detection, mitigation and prevention mechanisms to prevent privacy and security threats at any stage. Fully dedicated to the proposed 6G architectures, this book is an indispensable source of information for mobile communication professionals who want to get acquainted with the technologies of the future