Pro C# 10 with .NET 6: Foundational Principles and Practices in Programming. 11 Ed

Table of Contents....5

About the Authors....51

About the Technical Reviewers....52

Acknowledgments....53

Introduction....54

Part I: Introducing C# and .NET 6....63

Chapter 1: Introducing C# and .NET 6....64

Exploring Some Key Benefits of the .NET Platform....65

Understanding the .NET Support Lifecycle....65

Previewing the Building Blocks of the .NET Platform....66

The Role of the Base Class Libraries....66

The Role of .NET Standard....66

What C# Brings to the Table....67

Major Features in Prior Releases....68

New Features in C# 10....68

Managed vs. Unmanaged Code....68

Using Additional .NET–Aware Programming Languages....68

Getting an Overview of .NET Assemblies....69

The Role of the Common Intermediate Language....69

Benefits of CIL....72

Compiling CIL to Platform-Specific Instructions....72

Precompiling CIL to Platform-Specific Instructions....73

The Role of .NET Type Metadata....73

The Role of the Assembly Manifest....74

Understanding the Common Type System....74

CTS Class Types....75

CTS Interface Types....75

CTS Structure Types....76

CTS Enumeration Types....76

CTS Delegate Types....77

CTS Type Members....77

Intrinsic CTS Data Types....77

Understanding the Common Language Specification....78

Ensuring CLS Compliance....80

Understanding the .NET Runtime....80

Distinguishing Between Assembly, Namespace, and Type....80

Accessing a Namespace Programmatically....83

Global Using Statements (New 10.0)....83

Implicit Global Using Statements (New 10.0)....84

File Scoped Namespaces (New 10.0)....85

Referencing External Assemblies....85

Exploring an Assembly Using ildasm.exe....86

Summary....86

Chapter 2: Building C# Applications....88

Installing .NET 6....88

Understanding the .NET Version Numbering Scheme....88

Confirming the .NET 6 Install....89

Checking For Updates....90

Use an Earlier Version of the .NET (Core) SDK....90

Building .NET Core Applications with Visual Studio....90

Installing Visual Studio 2022 (Windows)....91

Taking Visual Studio 2022 for a Test-Drive....92

Using the New Project Dialog and C# Code Editor....93

Changing the Target .NET Core Framework....96

Using C# 10 Features....98

Running and Debugging Your Project....98

Using Solution Explorer....99

Using the Visual Class Diagram Tool....100

Building .NET Core Applications with Visual Studio Code....105

Taking Visual Studio Code for a Test-Drive....105

Creating Solutions and Projects....106

Exploring the Visual Studio Code Workspace....106

Restoring Packages, Building and Running Programs....107

Debugging Your Project....108

Finding the .NET Core and C# Documentation....108

Summary....109

Part II: Core C# Programming....110

Chapter 3: Core C# Programming Constructs, Part 1....111

Breaking Down a Simple C# Program (Updated C# 10)....111

Using Variations of the Main() Method (Updated 7.1)....113

Using Top-Level Statements (New 9.0)....114

Specifying an Application Error Code (Updated 9.0)....116

Processing Command-Line Arguments (Updated 9.0)....118

Specifying Command-Line Arguments with Visual Studio 2022....120

Additional Members of the System.Environment Class (Updated 10.0)....121

Using the System.Console Class....122

Performing Basic Input and Output (I/O) with the Console Class....123

Formatting Console Output....124

Formatting Numerical Data....125

Formatting Numerical Data Beyond Console Applications....126

Working with System Data Types and Corresponding C# Keywords....127

Understanding Variable Declaration and Initialization....128

The default Literal (New 7.1)....129

Using Intrinsic Data Types and the new Operator (Updated 9.0)....130

Understanding the Data Type Class Hierarchy....131

Understanding the Members of Numerical Data Types....132

Understanding the Members of System.Boolean....133

Understanding the Members of System.Char....133

Parsing Values from String Data....134

Using TryParse to Parse Values from String Data....134

Using System.DateTime and System.TimeSpan (Updated 10.0)....135

Working with the System.Numerics Namespace....136

Using Digit Separators (New 7.0)....137

Using Binary Literals (New 7.0/7.2)....138

Working with String Data....138

Performing Basic String Manipulation....139

Performing String Concatenation....140

Using Escape Characters....141

Performing String Interpolation....142

Performance Improvements (Updated 10.0)....143

Defining Verbatim Strings (Updated 8.0)....144

Working with Strings and Equality....145

Modifying String Comparison Behavior....146

Strings Are Immutable....147

Using the System.Text.StringBuilder Type....149

Narrowing and Widening Data Type Conversions....150

Using the checked Keyword....152

Setting Project-wide Overflow Checking (Project File)....154

Setting Project-wide Overflow Checking (Visual Studio)....154

Selecting the Build Configuration....155

Using the unchecked Keyword....155

Understanding Implicitly Typed Local Variables....156

Declaring Numerics Implicitly....157

Understanding Restrictions on Implicitly Typed Variables....158

Implicit Typed Data Is Strongly Typed Data....159

Understanding the Usefulness of Implicitly Typed Local Variables....160

Working with C# Iteration Constructs....160

Using the for Loop....161

Using the foreach Loop....161

Using Implicit Typing Within foreach Constructs....162

Using the while and do/while Looping Constructs....162

A Quick Discussion About Scope....163

Working with Decision Constructs and the Relational/Equality Operators....164

Using the if/else Statement....164

Using Equality and Relational Operators....164

Using if/else with Pattern Matching (New 7.0)....166

Making Pattern Matching Improvements (New 9.0)....166

Using the Conditional Operator (Updated 7.2, 9.0)....168

Using Logical Operators....169

Using the switch Statement....169

Performing switch Statement Pattern Matching (New 7.0, Updated 9.0)....172

Using switch Expressions (New 8.0)....175

Summary....177

Chapter 4: Core C# Programming Constructs, Part 2....178

Understanding C# Arrays....178

Looking at the C# Array Initialization Syntax....179

Understanding Implicitly Typed Local Arrays....180

Defining an Array of Objects....181

Working with Multidimensional Arrays....181

Using Arrays As Arguments or Return Values....183

Using the System.Array Base Class....184

Using Indices and Ranges (New 8.0, Updated 10.0)....185

Understanding Methods....187

Understanding Expression-Bodied Members....188

Understanding Local Functions (New 7.0, Updated 9.0)....188

Understanding Static Local Functions (New 8.0)....190

Understanding Method Parameters....190

Understanding Method Parameter Modifiers....190

Understanding the Default Parameter-Passing Behavior....191

The Default Behavior for Value Types....191

The Default Behavior for Reference Types....192

Using the out Modifier (Updated 7.0)....192

Discarding out Parameters (New 7.0)....194

The out Modifier in Constructors and Initializers (New 7.3)....194

Using the ref Modifier....194

Using the in Modifier (New 7.2)....195

Using the params Modifier....196

Defining Optional Parameters....197

Using Named Arguments (Updated 7.2)....198

Understanding Method Overloading....200

Checking Parameters for Null (Updated 10.0)....203

Understanding the enum Type....203

Controlling the Underlying Storage for an enum....205

Declaring enum Variables....205

Using the System.Enum Type....206

Dynamically Discovering an enum’s Name-Value Pairs....207

Using Enums, Flags, and Bitwise Operations....208

Understanding the Structure....210

Creating Structure Variables....212

Structure Constructors (Updated 10.0)....212

Using Field Initializers (New 10.0)....213

Using Read-Only Structs (New 7.2)....214

Using Read-Only Members (New 8.0)....215

Using ref Structs (New 7.2)....215

Using Disposable ref Structs (New 8.0)....216

Understanding Value Types and Reference Types....217

Using Value Types, Reference Types, and the Assignment Operator....218

Using Value Types Containing Reference Types....219

Passing Reference Types by Value....221

Passing Reference Types by Reference....222

Final Details Regarding Value Types and Reference Types....223

Understanding C# Nullable Types....224

Using Nullable Value Types....225

Using Nullable Reference Types (New 8.0, Updated 10.0)....226

Opting in for Nullable Reference Types (Updated 10.0)....227

Nullable Reference Types in Action....228

Migration Considerations....229

Change Nullable Warnings to Errors....229

Operating on Nullable Types....230

The Null-Coalescing Operator....230

The Null-Coalescing Assignment Operator (New 8.0)....231

The Null Conditional Operator....231

Understanding Tuples (New/Updated 7.0)....232

Getting Started with Tuples....232

Using Inferred Variable Names (Updated 7.1)....233

Understanding Tuple Equality/Inequality (New 7.3)....234

Understanding Tuples as Method Return Values....234

Understanding Discards with Tuples....235

Understanding Tuple Pattern Matching switch Expressions (New 8.0)....235

Deconstructing Tuples (Updated 10.0)....236

Deconstructing Tuples with Positional Pattern Matching (New 8.0)....237

Summary....238

Part III: Object Oriented Programming with C#....239

Chapter 5: Understanding Encapsulation....240

Introducing the C# Class Type....240

Allocating Objects with the new Keyword....242

Understanding Constructors....243

Understanding the Role of the Default Constructor....243

Defining Custom Constructors....244

Constructors As Expression-Bodied Members (New 7.0)....245

Constructors with out Parameters (New 7.3)....245

Understanding the Default Constructor Revisited....245

Understanding the Role of the this Keyword....247

Chaining Constructor Calls Using this....248

Observing Constructor Flow....250

Revisiting Optional Arguments....252

Understanding the static Keyword....253

Defining Static Field Data....254

Defining Static Methods....256

Defining Static Constructors....257

Defining Static Classes....259

Importing Static Members via the C# using Keyword....260

Defining the Pillars of OOP....261

Understanding the Role of Encapsulation....261

Understanding the Role of Inheritance....262

Understanding the Role of Polymorphism....263

Understanding C# Access Modifiers (Updated 7.2)....264

Using the Default Access Modifiers....265

Using Access Modifiers and Nested Types....266

Understanding the First Pillar: C#’s Encapsulation Services....266

Encapsulation Using Traditional Accessors and Mutators....267

Encapsulation Using Properties....269

Properties As Expression-Bodied Members (New 7.0)....272

Using Properties Within a Class Definition....273

Read-Only Properties....274

Write-Only Properties....275

Mixing Private and Public Get/Set Methods on Properties....275

Revisiting the static Keyword: Defining Static Properties....275

Pattern Matching with Property Patterns (New 8.0)....276

Extended Property Patterns (New 10.0)....278

Understanding Automatic Properties....279

Interacting with Automatic Properties....280

Automatic Properties and Default Values....281

Initializing Automatic Properties....282

Understanding Object Initialization....283

Looking at the Object Initialization Syntax....283

Using init-Only Setters (New 9.0)....284

Calling Custom Constructors with Initialization Syntax....285

Initializing Data with Initialization Syntax....287

Working with Constant and Read-Only Field Data....288

Understanding Constant Field Data....288

Constant Interpolated Strings (New 10.0)....289

Understanding Read-Only Fields....289

Understanding Static Read-Only Fields....290

Understanding Partial Classes....291

Records (New 9.0)....292

Immutable Record Types with Standard Property Syntax....294

Immutable Record Types with Positional Syntax....295

Deconstructing Mutable Record Types....296

Mutable Record Types....296

Value Equality with Record Types....296

Copying Record Types Using with Expressions....297

Record Structs (New 10.0)....298

Mutable Record Structs....298

Immutable Record Structs....299

Deconstructing Record Structs....300

Summary....300

Chapter 6: Understanding Inheritance and Polymorphism....301

Understanding the Basic Mechanics of Inheritance....301

Specifying the Parent Class of an Existing Class....302

Regarding Multiple Base Classes....304

Using the sealed Keyword....304

Revisiting Visual Studio Class Diagrams....305

Understanding the Second Pillar of OOP: The Details of Inheritance....307

Calling Base Class Constructors with the base Keyword....308

Keeping Family Secrets: The protected Keyword....310

Adding a sealed Class....311

Understanding Inheritance with Record Types (New 9.0)....312

Inheritance for Record Types with Standard Properties....313

Inheritance for Record Types with Positional Parameters....314

Nondestructive Mutation with Inherited Record Types....315

Equality with Inherited Record Types....315

Deconstructor Behavior with Inherited Record Types....316

Programming for Containment/Delegation....316

Understanding Nested Type Definitions....317

Understanding the Third Pillar of OOP: C#’s Polymorphic Support....319

Using the virtual and override Keywords....320

Overriding Virtual Members with Visual Studio/Visual Studio Code....323

Sealing Virtual Members (Updated 10.0)....323

Understanding Abstract Classes....324

Understanding the Polymorphic Interface....326

Understanding Member Shadowing....330

Understanding Base Class/Derived Class Casting Rules....331

Using the C# as Keyword....333

Using the C# is Keyword (Updated 7.0, 9.0)....335

Discards with the is Keyword (New 7.0)....336

Revisiting Pattern Matching (New 7.0)....337

Discards with switch Statements (New 7.0)....337

Understanding the Super Parent Class: System.Object....338

Overriding System.Object.ToString()....341

Overriding System.Object.Equals()....341

Overriding System.Object.GetHashCode()....342

Testing Your Modified Person Class....343

Using the Static Members of System.Object....344

Summary....344

Chapter 7: Understanding Structured Exception Handling....345

Ode to Errors, Bugs, and Exceptions....345

The Role of .NET Exception Handling....346

The Building Blocks of .NET Exception Handling....347

The System.Exception Base Class....347

The Simplest Possible Example....348

Throwing a General Exception....351

Catching Exceptions....352

Throw As Expression (New 7.0)....354

Configuring the State of an Exception....354

The TargetSite Property....354

The StackTrace Property....355

The HelpLink Property....355

The Data Property....356

System-Level Exceptions (System.SystemException)....358

Application-Level Exceptions (System.ApplicationException)....358

Building Custom Exceptions, Take 1....359

Building Custom Exceptions, Take 2....361

Building Custom Exceptions, Take 3....361

Processing Multiple Exceptions....362

General catch Statements....365

Rethrowing Exceptions....365

Inner Exceptions....366

The finally Block....367

Exception Filters....368

Debugging Unhandled Exceptions Using Visual Studio....368

Summary....370

Part IV: Advanced C# Programming....371

Chapter 8: Working with Interfaces....372

Understanding Interface Types....372

Interface Types vs. Abstract Base Classes....373

Defining Custom Interfaces....376

Implementing an Interface....377

Invoking Interface Members at the Object Level....379

Obtaining Interface References: The as Keyword....380

Obtaining Interface References: The is Keyword (Updated 7.0)....381

Default Implementations (New 8.0)....381

Static Constructors and Members (New 8.0)....382

Interfaces as Parameters....383

Interfaces as Return Values....385

Arrays of Interface Types....385

Implementing Interfaces Using Visual Studio or Visual Studio Code....387

Explicit Interface Implementation....388

Designing Interface Hierarchies....391

Interface Hierarchies with Default Implementations (New 8.0)....392

Multiple Inheritance with Interface Types....394

The IEnumerable and IEnumerator Interfaces....396

Building Iterator Methods with the yield Keyword....399

Guard Clauses with Local Functions (New 7.0)....399

Building a Named Iterator....401

The ICloneable Interface....402

A More Elaborate Cloning Example....404

The IComparable Interface....407

Specifying Multiple Sort Orders with IComparer....410

Custom Properties and Custom Sort Types....411

Summary....412

Chapter 9: Understanding Object Lifetime....413

Classes, Objects, and References....413

The Basics of Object Lifetime....415

The CIL of new....415

Setting Object References to null....417

Determining If an Object Is Live....417

Understanding Object Generations....419

Ephemeral Generations and Segments....421

Garbage Collection Types....421

Background Garbage Collection....421

The System.GC Type....422

Forcing a Garbage Collection....424

Building Finalizable Objects....426

Overriding System.Object.Finalize()....427

Detailing the Finalization Process....429

Building Disposable Objects....430

Reusing the C# using Keyword....432

Using Declarations (New 8.0)....433

Building Finalizable and Disposable Types....434

A Formalized Disposal Pattern....435

Understanding Lazy Object Instantiation....437

Customizing the Creation of the Lazy Data....439

Chapter 10: Collections and Generics....441

The Motivation for Collection Classes....441

The System.Collections Namespace....443

An Illustrative Example: Working with the ArrayList....444

A Survey of System.Collections.Specialized Namespace....444

The Problems of Nongeneric Collections....445

The Issue of Performance....446

The Issue of Type Safety....449

A First Look at Generic CollectionsT....452

The Role of Generic Type Parameters....453

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Classes/Structures....454

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Members....456

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Interfaces....456

The System.Collections.Generic Namespace....457

Understanding Collection Initialization Syntax....459

Working with the List Class....460

Working with the Stack Class....462

Working with the Queue Class....463

Working with the PriorityQueue Class (New 10)....464

Working with the SortedSet Class....465

Working with the Dictionary Class....467

The System.Collections.ObjectModel Namespace....468

Working with ObservableCollection....468

Creating Custom Generic Methods....470

Inference of Type Parameters....472

Creating Custom Generic Structures and Classes....473

Default Value Expressions with Generics....474

Default Literal Expressions (New 7.1)....476

Pattern Matching with Generics (New 7.1)....476

Constraining Type Parameters....477

Examples of Using the where Keyword....477

The Lack of Operator Constraints....479

Summary....480

Chapter 11: Advanced C# Language Features....481

Understanding Indexer Methods....481

Indexing Data Using String Values....483

Overloading Indexer Methods....484

Indexers with Multiple Dimensions....485

Indexer Definitions on Interface Types....486

Understanding Operator Overloading....486

Overloading Binary Operators....487

What of the += and –= Operators?....489

Overloading Unary Operators....490

Overloading Equality Operators....491

Overloading Comparison Operators....491

Final Thoughts Regarding Operator Overloading....492

Understanding Custom Type Conversions....493

Recall: Numerical Conversions....493

Recall: Conversions Among Related Class Types....493

Creating Custom Conversion Routines....494

Additional Explicit Conversions for the Square Type....497

Defining Implicit Conversion Routines....497

Understanding Extension Methods....499

Defining Extension Methods....499

Invoking Extension Methods....500

Importing Extension Methods....501

Extending Types Implementing Specific Interfaces....502

Extension Method GetEnumerator Support (New 9.0)....503

Understanding Anonymous Types....504

Defining an Anonymous Type....505

The Internal Representation of Anonymous Types....506

The Implementation of ToString() and GetHashCode()....508

The Semantics of Equality for Anonymous Types....508

Anonymous Types Containing Anonymous Types....510

Working with Pointer Types....511

The unsafe Keyword....513

Working with the * and & Operators....515

An Unsafe (and Safe) Swap Function....516

Field Access via Pointers (the -> Operator)....517

The stackalloc Keyword....517

Pinning a Type via the fixed Keyword....518

The sizeof Keyword....519

Summary....519

Chapter 12: Delegates, Events, and Lambda Expressions....520

Understanding the Delegate Type....521

Defining a Delegate Type in C#....521

The System.MulticastDelegate and System.Delegate Base Classes....523

The Simplest Possible Delegate Example....525

Investigating a Delegate Object....527

Sending Object State Notifications Using Delegates....528

Enabling Multicasting....531

Removing Targets from a Delegate’s Invocation List....533

Method Group Conversion Syntax....534

Understanding Generic Delegates....535

The Generic Action<> and Func<> Delegates....536

Understanding C# Events....538

The C# event Keyword....539

Events Under the Hood....541

Listening to Incoming Events....542

Simplifying Event Registration Using Visual Studio....543

Creating Custom Event Arguments....544

The Generic EventHandler Delegate....546

Understanding C# Anonymous Methods....547

Accessing Local Variables....548

Using static with Anonymous Methods (New 9.0)....549

Discards with Anonymous Methods (New 9.0)....550

Understanding Lambda Expressions....551

Dissecting a Lambda Expression....553

Processing Arguments Within Multiple Statements....554

Lambda Expressions with Multiple (or Zero) Parameters....555

Using static with Lambda Expressions (New 9.0)....557

Discards with Lambda Expressions (New 9.0)....557

Retrofitting the CarEvents Example Using Lambda Expressions....558

Lambdas and Expression-Bodied Members (Updated 7.0)....558

Summary....559

Chapter 13: LINQ to Objects....561

LINQ-Specific Programming Constructs....561

Implicit Typing of Local Variables....562

Object and Collection Initialization Syntax....563

Lambda Expressions....563

Extension Methods....564

Anonymous Types....565

Understanding the Role of LINQ....565

LINQ Expressions Are Strongly Typed....566

The Core LINQ Assemblies....566

Applying LINQ Queries to Primitive Arrays....566

Once Again, Using Extension Methods....568

Once Again, Without LINQ....569

Reflecting Over a LINQ Result Set....569

LINQ and Implicitly Typed Local Variables....571

LINQ and Extension Methods....572

The Role of Deferred Execution....573

DefaultIfEmpty (New 10.0)....574

The Role of Immediate Execution....575

Set Default for [First/Last/Single]OrDefault Methods (New 10)....576

Returning the Result of a LINQ Query....577

Returning LINQ Results via Immediate Execution....578

Applying LINQ Queries to Collection Objects....579

Accessing Contained Subobjects....580

Applying LINQ Queries to Nongeneric Collections....580

Filtering Data Using OfType()....581

Investigating the C# LINQ Query Operators....582

Basic Selection Syntax....583

Obtaining Subsets of Data....584

Paging Data....585

Paging Data with Ranges (New 10.0)....586

Paging Data with Chunks (New 10.0)....587

Projecting New Data Types....587

Projecting to Different Data Types....589

Obtaining Counts Using Enumerable....589

Obtaining Nonenumerated Counts (New 10.0)....590

Reversing Result Sets....591

Sorting Expressions....591

LINQ As a Better Venn Diagramming Tool....591

Venn Diagramming with Selectors (New 10.0)....593

Removing Duplicates....595

Removing Duplicates with Selectors (New 10.0)....595

LINQ Aggregation Operations....596

Aggregation with Selectors (New 10.0)....596

The Internal Representation of LINQ Query Statements....596

Building Query Expressions with Query Operators (Revisited)....597

Building Query Expressions Using the Enumerable Type and Lambda Expressions....598

Building Query Expressions Using the Enumerable Type and Anonymous Methods....599

Building Query Expressions Using the Enumerable Type and Raw Delegates....600

Summary....601

Part V: Programming with .NET Core Assemblies....603

Chapter 14: Processes, AppDomains, and Load Contexts....604

The Role of a Windows Process....604

The Role of Threads....605

Interacting with Processes Using .NET Core....606

Enumerating Running Processes....608

Investigating a Specific Process....609

Investigating a Process’s Thread Set....610

Investigating a Process’s Module Set....611

Starting and Stopping Processes Programmatically....613

Controlling Process Startup Using the ProcessStartInfo Class....614

Leveraging OS Verbs with ProcessStartInfo....615

Understanding .NET Application Domains....616

The System.AppDomain Class....617

Interacting with the Default Application Domain....617

Enumerating Loaded Assemblies....618

Assembly Isolation with Application Load Contexts....619

Summarizing Processes, AppDomains, and Load Contexts....622

Summary....623

Chapter 15: Multithreaded, Parallel, and Async Programming....624

The Process/AppDomain/Context/Thread Relationship....624

The Problem of Concurrency....625

The Role of Thread Synchronization....626

The System.Threading Namespace....626

The System.Threading.Thread Class....627

Obtaining Statistics About the Current Thread of Execution....628

The Name Property....629

The Priority Property....629

Manually Creating Secondary Threads....630

Working with the ThreadStart Delegate....630

Working with the ParameterizedThreadStart Delegate....632

The AutoResetEvent Class....633

Foreground Threads and Background Threads....634

The Issue of Concurrency....635

Synchronization Using the C# lock Keyword....637

Synchronization Using the System.Threading.Monitor Type....639

Synchronization Using the System.Threading.Interlocked Type....640

Programming with Timer Callbacks....641

Using a Stand-Alone Discard (New 7.0)....642

Understanding the ThreadPool....643

Parallel Programming Using the Task Parallel Library....644

The System.Threading.Tasks Namespace....644

The Role of the Parallel Class....644

Data Parallelism with the Parallel Class....645

Accessing UI Elements on Secondary Threads....649

The Task Class....650

Handling Cancellation Request....650

Task Parallelism Using the Parallel Class....652

Parallel LINQ Queries (PLINQ)....655

Opting in to a PLINQ Query....656

Cancelling a PLINQ Query....656

Async Calls Using the async/await Pattern....658

A First Look at the C# async and await Keywords (Updated 7.1, 9.0)....658

SynchronizationContext and async/await....660

The Role of ConfigureAwait....660

Naming Conventions for Asynchronous Methods....661

Async Methods That Don’t Return Data....661

Async Void Methods....662

Async Void Methods Using Task....663

Async Methods with Multiple Awaits....664

Calling Async Methods from Synchronous Methods....666

Await in catch and finally Blocks....667

Generalized Async Return Types (New 7.0)....668

Local Functions with async/await (New 7.0)....668

Cancelling async/await Operations....669

Cancelling async/await operations with WaitAsync() (New 10.0)....672

Cancelling async/await operations in Synchronous Calls....672

Asynchronous Streams (New 8.0)....672

The Parallel.ForEachAsync() Method (New 10.0)....673

Update the Book Reader App with async/await....674

Wrapping Up async and await....675

Summary....675

Chapter 16: Building and Configuring Class Libraries....676

Defining Custom Namespaces (Updated 10.0)....676

Resolving Name Clashes with Fully Qualified Names....678

Resolving Name Clashes with Aliases....679

Creating Nested Namespaces....680

Change the Root Namespace Using Visual Studio 2022....681

Change the Root Namespace Using the Project File....681

The Role of .NET Assemblies....682

Assemblies Promote Code Reuse....682

Assemblies Establish a Type Boundary....683

Assemblies Are Versionable Units....683

Assemblies Are Self-Describing....683

Understanding the Format of a .NET Assembly....683

Installing the C++ Profiling Tools....684

The Operating System (Windows) File Header....684

The CLR File Header....685

CIL Code, Type Metadata, and the Assembly Manifest....686

Optional Assembly Resources....686

Class Libraries vs. Console Applications....687

.NET Standard vs. .NET (Core) Class Libraries....687

Configuring Applications with Configuration Files....688

Multiple Configuration Files....690

Working with Objects (Updated 10.0)....690

Additional Configuration Options....693

Building and Consuming a .NET Class Library....694

Exploring the Manifest....696

Exploring the CIL....698

Exploring the Type Metadata....699

Building a C# Client Application....699

Building a Visual Basic Client Application....701

Cross-Language Inheritance in Action....702

Exposing internal Types to Other Assemblies....703

Using an Assembly Attribute....703

Using the Project File....704

NuGet and .NET Core....704

Packaging Assemblies with NuGet....704

Referencing NuGet Packages....705

Publishing Console Applications (Updated .NET 5/6)....706

Publishing Framework-Dependent Applications....707

Publishing Self-Contained Applications....707

Publishing Self-Contained Applications as a Single File....708

How .NET Locates Assemblies....709

Summary....711

Chapter 17: Type Reflection, Late Binding, Attribute, and Dynamic Types....712

The Necessity of Type Metadata....712

Viewing (Partial) Metadata for the EngineStateEnum Enumeration....713

Viewing (Partial) Metadata for the Car Type....714

Examining a TypeRef....716

Documenting the Defining Assembly....716

Documenting Referenced Assemblies....716

Documenting String Literals....717

Understanding Reflection....718

The System.Type Class....718

Obtaining a Type Reference Using System.Object.GetType()....719

Obtaining a Type Reference Using typeof()....720

Obtaining a Type Reference Using System.Type.GetType()....720

Building a Custom Metadata Viewer....721

Reflecting on Methods....721

Reflecting on Fields and Properties....722

Reflecting on Implemented Interfaces....722

Displaying Various Odds and Ends....723

Adding the Top-Level Statements....723

Reflecting on Static Types....725

Reflecting on Generic Types....725

Reflecting on Method Parameters and Return Values....725

Dynamically Loading Assemblies....727

Reflecting on Framework Assemblies....728

Understanding Late Binding....730

The System.Activator Class....730

Invoking Methods with No Parameters....732

Invoking Methods with Parameters....732

Understanding the Role of .NET Attributes....733

Attribute Consumers....734

Applying Attributes in C#....734

C# Attribute Shorthand Notation....735

Specifying Constructor Parameters for Attributes....736

The Obsolete Attribute in Action....736

Building Custom Attributes....738

Applying Custom Attributes....738

Named Property Syntax....739

Restricting Attribute Usage....739

Assembly-Level Attributes....740

Using a Separate File for Assembly Attributes....741

Using the Project File for Assembly Attributes....741

Reflecting on Attributes Using Early Binding....742

Reflecting on Attributes Using Late Binding....743

Putting Reflection, Late Binding, and Custom Attributes in Perspective....745

Building an Extendable Application....745

Building the Multiproject ExtendableApp Solution....746

Creating the Solution and Projects with the CLI....746

Adding PostBuild Events into the Project Files....746

Creating the Solution and Projects with Visual Studio....747

Setting Project Build Dependencies....748

Adding PostBuild Events....749

Building CommonSnappableTypes.dll....750

Building the C# Snap-In....750

Building the Visual Basic Snap-In....751

Adding the Code for the ExtendableApp....751

The Role of the C# dynamic Keyword....753

Calling Members on Dynamically Declared Data....755

The Scope of the dynamic Keyword....757

Limitations of the dynamic Keyword....757

Practical Uses of the dynamic Keyword....758

The Role of the Dynamic Language Runtime....758

The Role of Expression Trees....759

Dynamic Runtime Lookup of Expression Trees....759

Simplifying Late-Bound Calls Using Dynamic Types....760

Leveraging the dynamic Keyword to Pass Arguments....761

Summary....763

Chapter 18: Understanding CIL and the Role of Dynamic Assemblies....764

Motivations for Learning the Grammar of CIL....764

Examining CIL Directives, Attributes, and Opcodes....766

The Role of CIL Directives....766

The Role of CIL Attributes....766

The Role of CIL Opcodes....767

The CIL Opcode/CIL Mnemonic Distinction....767

Pushing and Popping: The Stack-Based Nature of CIL....768

Understanding Round-Trip Engineering....769

The Role of CIL Code Labels....772

Interacting with CIL: Modifying an *.il File....772

Compiling CIL Code with ILASM.EXE....773

Compiling CIL Code with Microsoft.NET.Sdk.il Projects....773

Understanding CIL Directives and Attributes....775

Specifying Externally Referenced Assemblies in CIL....775

Defining the Current Assembly in CIL....776

Defining Namespaces in CIL....777

Defining Class Types in CIL....777

Defining and Implementing Interfaces in CIL....778

Defining Structures in CIL....779

Defining Enums in CIL....779

Defining Generics in CIL....780

Compiling the CILTypes.il File....781

.NET Base Class Library, C#, and CIL Data Type Mappings....781

Defining Type Members in CIL....782

Defining Field Data in CIL....782

Defining Type Constructors in CIL....783

Defining Properties in CIL....783

Defining Member Parameters....784

Examining CIL Opcodes....785

The .maxstack Directive....787

Declaring Local Variables in CIL....787

Mapping Parameters to Local Variables in CIL....788

The Hidden this Reference....789

Representing Iteration Constructs in CIL....789

The Final Word on CIL....790

Understanding Dynamic Assemblies....790

Exploring the System.Reflection.Emit Namespace....791

The Role of the System.Reflection.Emit.ILGenerator....792

Emitting a Dynamic Assembly....793

Emitting the Assembly and Module Set....795

The Role of the ModuleBuilder TypeC....795

Emitting the HelloClass Type and the String Member Variable....796

Emitting the Constructors....797

Emitting the SayHello() Method....798

Using the Dynamically Generated Assembly....798

Summary....799

Part VI: File Handling, Object Serialization, and Data Access....800

Chapter 19: File I/O and Object Serialization....801

Exploring the System.IO Namespace....801

The Directory(Info) and File(Info) Types....802

The Abstract FileSystemInfo Base Class....803

Working with the DirectoryInfo Type....803

Enumerating Files with the DirectoryInfo Type....805

Creating Subdirectories with the DirectoryInfo Type....806

Working with the Directory Type....807

Working with the DriveInfo Class Type....808

Working with the FileInfo Class....809

The FileInfo.Create() Method....810

The FileInfo.Open() Method....811

The FileInfo.OpenRead() and FileInfo.OpenWrite() Methods....812

The FileInfo.OpenText() Method....813

The FileInfo.CreateText() and FileInfo.AppendText() Methods....813

Working with the File Type....814

Additional File-centric Members....814

The Abstract Stream Class....815

Working with FileStreams....816

Working with StreamWriters and StreamReaders....818

Writing to a Text File....818

Reading from a Text File....819

Directly Creating StreamWriter/StreamReader Types....820

Working with StringWriters and StringReaders....821

Working with BinaryWriters and BinaryReaders....822

Watching Files Programmatically....824

Understanding Object Serialization....826

The Role of Object Graphs....826

Creating the Sample Types and Top-Level Statements....827

Extensible Markup Language (XML)....829

Serializing and Deserializing with the XmlSerializer....831

Controlling the Generated XML Data....831

Serializing Objects Using the XmlSerializer....832

Serializing Collections of Objects....833

Deserializing Objects and Collections of Objects....833

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Serialization....834

Serializing and Deserializing with System.Text.Json....835

Controlling the Generated JSON Data....835

Serializing Objects Using the JsonSerializer....836

Including Fields....836

Pretty-Print the JSON....838

PascalCase or camelCase JSON....838

Ignoring Circular References with JsonSerializer (New 10)....840

Number Handling with JsonSerializer....840

JSON Property Ordering (New 10)....841

Support for IAsyncEnumerable (New 10)....842

Streaming Serialization....842

Streaming Deserialization....842

Potential Performance Issues Using JsonSerializerOptions....843

Web Defaults for JsonSerializer....843

General Defaults for JsonSerializer....843

Serializing Collections of Objects....844

Deserializing Objects and Collections of Objects....844

JsonConverters....844

Summary....846

Chapter 20: Data Access with ADO.NET....847

ADO.NET vs. ADO....847

Understanding ADO.NET Data Providers....848

ADO.NET Data Providers....849

The Types of the System.Data Namespace....850

The Role of the IDbConnection Interface....851

The Role of the IDbTransaction Interface....851

The Role of the IDbCommand Interface....851

The Role of the IDbDataParameter and IDataParameter Interfaces....852

The Role of the IDbDataAdapter and IDataAdapter Interfaces....853

The Role of the IDataReader and IDataRecord Interfaces....853

Abstracting Data Providers Using Interfaces....854

Setting Up SQL Server and Azure Data Studio....857

Installing SQL Server....857

Installing SQL Server in a Docker Container....857

Pulling the Image and Running SQL Server 2019....858

Installing SQL Server 2019....859

Installing a SQL Server IDE....859

Connecting to SQL Server....860

Connecting to SQL Server in a Docker Container....860

Connecting to SQL Server LocalDb....861

Connecting to Any Other SQL Server Instance....862

Restoring the AutoLot Database Backup....862

Copying the Backup File to Your Container....863

Restoring the Database with SSMS....863

Restoring the Database to SQL Server (Docker)....863

Restoring the Database to SQL Server (Windows)....864

Restoring the Database with Azure Data Studio....865

Creating the AutoLot Database....866

Creating the Database....867

Creating the Tables....867

Creating the Inventory Table....867

Creating the Makes Table....868

Creating the Customers Table....868

Creating the Orders Table....868

Creating the CreditRisks Table....869

Creating the Table Relationships....869

Creating the Inventory to Makes Relationship....869

Creating the Inventory to Orders Relationship....870

Creating the Orders to Customers Relationship....870

Creating the Customers to CreditRisks Relationship....870

Creating the GetPetName() Stored Procedure....871

Adding Test Records....871

Makes Records....871

Inventory Table Records....872

Customer Records....872

Order Records....873

CreditRisk Records....873

The ADO.NET Data Provider Factory Model....873

A Complete Data Provider Factory Example....874

A Potential Drawback with the Data Provider Factory Model....878

Diving Deeper into Connections, Commands, and DataReaders....878

Working with Connection Objects....879

Working with ConnectionStringBuilder Objects....881

Working with Command Objects....882

Working with Data Readers....883

Obtaining Multiple Result Sets Using a Data Reader....884

Working with Create, Update, and Delete Queries....885

Create the Car and CarViewModel Classes....886

Adding the InventoryDal Class....886

Adding Constructors....886

Opening and Closing the Connection....887

Adding IDisposable....887

Adding the Selection Methods....888

Inserting a New Car....890

Create the Strongly Type InsertCar() Method....890

Adding the Deletion Logic....891

Adding the Update Logic....891

Working with Parameterized Command Objects....892

Specifying Parameters Using the DbParameter Type....892

Update the GetCar Method....892

Update the DeleteCar Method....893

Update the UpdateCarPetName Method....893

Update the InsertAuto Method....894

Executing a Stored Procedure....895

Creating a Console-Based Client Application....896

Understanding Database Transactions....897

Key Members of an ADO.NET Transaction Object....898

Adding a Transaction Method to InventoryDal....899

Testing Your Database Transaction....901

Executing Bulk Copies with ADO.NET....902

Exploring the SqlBulkCopy Class....902

Creating a Custom Data Reader....902

Executing the Bulk Copy....906

Testing the Bulk Copy....907

Summary....908

Part VII: Entity Framework Core....909

Chapter 21: Introducing Entity Framework Core....910

Object-Relational Mappers....911

Understanding the Role of the Entity Framework Core....911

The Building Blocks of the Entity Framework....912

The DbContext Class....913

Creating a Derived DbContext....914

Configuring the DbContext....914

The Design-Time DbContext Factory....915

OnModelCreating....916

Saving Changes....916

Transaction and Save Point Support....916

Explicit Transactions and Execution Strategies....917

Saving/Saved Changes Events....918

The DbSet Class....918

The ChangeTracker....919

ChangeTracker Events....920

The StateChanged Event....920

The Tracked Event....921

Resetting DbContext State....921

Entities....921

Entity Properties and Database Columns....921

Table Mapping Schemes....922

Table-Per-Hierarchy Mapping....922

Table-per-Type Mapping....923

Navigation Properties and Foreign Keys....924

Missing Foreign Key Properties....925

One-to-Many Relationships....925

One-to-One Relationships....927

Many-to-Many Relationships....929

Many-to-Many Prior to EF Core 5....931

Cascade Behavior....931

Optional Relationships....932

Required Relationships....932

Entity Conventions....933

Mapping Properties to Columns....933

Overriding EF Core Conventions....934

Entity Framework Data Annotations....934

Annotations and Navigation Properties....939

The Fluent API....939

Class and Property Methods....939

Class and Property Mapping....939

Keys and Indices....939

Field Size and Nullability....940

Default Values....941

RowVersion/Concurrency Tokens....944

SQL Server Sparse Columns....944

Computed Columns....945

Check Constraints....945

One-to-Many Relationships....946

One-to-One Relationships....947

Many-to-Many Relationships....947

Excluding Entities from Migrations....949

Using IEntityTypeConfiguration Classes....949

Conventions, Annotations, and the Fluent API, Oh My!....952

Owned Entity Types....952

Query Types....955

Flexible Query/Table Mapping....958

Query Execution....958

Mixed Client-Server Evaluation....958

Tracking vs. NoTracking Queries....959

Code First vs. Database First....959

The EF Core Global Tool CLI Commands....960

The Migrations Commands....962

The Add Command....962

The Remove Command....964

The List Command....964

The Bundle Command....964

The Script Command....965

The Database Commands....966

The Drop Command....966

The Database Update Command....966

The DbContext Commands....967

The DbContext Scaffold Command....967

The DbContext Optimize Command....968

Summary....969

Chapter 22: Exploring Entity Framework Core....970

Creating Records....970

Entity State....971

Add a Single Record Using Add....971

Add a Single Record Using Attach....972

Add Multiple Records at Once....973

Identity Column Considerations When Adding Records....974

Adding an Object Graph....976

Add Many-to-Many Records....977

Add Sample Records....978

Clear the Sample Data....979

Querying Data....980

Get All Records....980

Filter Records....981

Sort Records....982

Reverse Sort Records....983

Paging....984

Retrieve a Single Record....985

Using First....986

Using Last....988

Using Single....989

Using Find....990

Aggregation Methods....991

Any( ) and All( )....992

Getting Data from Stored Procedures....993

Querying Related Data....994

Eager Loading....994

Filtered Include....997

Eager Loading with Split Queries....997

Many-to-Many Queries....998

Explicit Loading....998

Lazy Loading....1000

Updating Records....1003

Entity State....1003

Update Tracked Entities....1003

Update Nontracked Entities....1004

Deleting Records....1005

Entity State....1005

Delete Tracked Records....1005

Delete Nontracked Entities....1006

Catch Cascade Delete Failures....1007

Notable EF Core Features....1007

Global Query Filters....1007

Global Query Filters on Navigation Properties....1009

Explicit Loading with Global Query Filters....1010

Raw SQL Queries with LINQ....1011

Projections....1012

Handling Database-Generated Values....1013

Concurrency Checking....1015

Connection Resiliency....1017

Database Function Mapping....1018

EF.Functions....1020

Batching of Statements....1022

Value Converters....1023

Shadow Properties....1026

SQL Server Temporal Table Support....1028

Configure Temporal Tables....1028

Main Table and History Table Interactions....1032

Querying Temporal Tables....1033

Clearing Temporal Tables....1035

Summary....1038

Chapter 23: Build a Data Access Layer with Entity Framework Core....1039

Create the AutoLot.Dal and AutoLot.Models Projects....1039

Add the Database View....1040

Scaffold the DbContext and Entities....1041

Examine the Results....1041

Switch to Code First....1042

Create the DbContext Design-Time Factory....1042

Create the Initial Migration....1042

Applying the Migration....1043

Create the GlobalUsings Files....1044

Create Custom Exceptions....1045

Finalize the Entities and ViewModel....1046

The Entities....1046

The BaseEntity Class....1046

The Owned Person Entity....1047

The Car (Inventory) Entity....1047

Update the ApplicationDbContext Class....1051

The CarConfiguration Class....1052

The Driver Entity....1054

Update the ApplicationDbContext Class....1054

The DriverConfiguration Class....1054

The CarDriver Entity....1055

Update the ApplicationDbContext Class....1055

The CarDriverConfiguration Class....1055

The Radio Entity....1056

Update the ApplicationDbContext Class....1057

The RadioConfiguration Class....1057

The Customer Entity....1058

The CustomerConfiguration Class....1059

The Make Entity....1059

The MakeConfiguration Class....1060

The CreditRisk Entity....1061

The CreditRiskConfiguration Class....1062

The Order Entity....1063

The OrderConfiguration Class....1064

The SeriLogEntry Entity....1065

Update the ApplicationDbContext Class....1066

The SerilogEntryConfiguration Class....1066

The View Models....1066

The CustomerOrderViewModel....1066

Add the INonPersisted Interface....1068

Update the ApplicationDbContext Class....1068

The CustomerOrderViewModelConfiguration Class....1068

Update the GlobalUsings.cs Files....1069

The TemporalViewModel....1069

Update the ApplicationDbContext....1070

Add the Mapped Database Functions....1070

Handling DbContext and ChangeTracker Events....1070

Override the Conventions....1072

Override the SaveChanges Method....1072

Create the Next Migration and Update the Database....1073

Use EF Migrations to Create/Update Database Objects....1073

Add the MigrationHelpers Class....1073

Create and Update the Migration....1075

Apply the Migration....1075

Add the Repositories....1076

Add the IBaseViewRepo Interface....1076

Add the BaseViewRepo Implementation....1076

Implement the Read Methods....1078

Add the IBaseRepo Interface....1078

Add the BaseRepo Implementation....1079

Implement the SaveChanges Method....1079

Implement the Common Read Methods....1080

The Add, Update, and Delete Methods....1080

Add the ITemporalTableBaseRepo Interface....1081

Add the TemporalTableBaseRepo Implementation....1082

Implement the Helper Methods....1082

Implement the Temporal Methods....1082

Entity-Specific Repo Interfaces....1083

The CarDriver Repository Interface....1084

The Car Repository Interface....1084

The Credit Risk Interface....1084

The CustomerOrderViewModel Repository Interface....1084

The Customer Repository Interface....1085

The Driver Repository Interface....1085

The Make Repository Interface....1085

The Order Repository Interface....1085

The Radio Repository Interface....1086

Implement the Entity-Specific Repositories....1086

The CarDriver Repository....1086

The Car Repository....1087

The CreditRisk Repository....1089

The CustomerOrderViewModel Repository....1089

The Customer Repository....1089

The Driver Repository....1090

The Make Repository....1091

The Order Repository....1091

The Radio Repository....1092

Update the GlobalUsings.cs Files....1092

Programmatic Database and Migration Handling....1092

Drop, Create, and Clean the Database....1093

Data Initialization....1095

Create the Sample Data....1095

Load the Sample Data....1097

Summary....1098

Chapter 24: Test-Driving AutoLot....1099

Setting Up the Test-Drives....1099

Create the Project....1099

Make the AutoLot.Dal Internals Visible to AutoLot.Dal.Tests....1101

Add the GlobalUsings File....1101

A First Look at xUnit....1101

Fact Test Methods....1102

Theory Test Methods....1102

Executing Tests....1102

Configure the Project and DbContext Instances....1103

Create the Integration Test Helper....1103

Add the BaseTest Class....1104

Add the Transacted Test Execution Helpers....1105

Add the EnsureAutoLotDatabase Test Fixture Class....1106

Add the Integration Test Classes....1107

Querying the Database....1110

LINQ Queries....1110

LINQ Execution....1110

Get All Records....1111

Filter Records....1111

Sort Records....1115

Reverse Sort Records....1116

Single-Record Queries....1117

Using First....1117

Using Last....1118

Using Single....1119

Global Query Filters....1120

Disable the Query Filters....1120

Query Filters on Navigation Properties....1121

Load Related Data Eagerly....1122

Splitting Queries on Related Data....1124

Filtering Related Data....1127

Load Related Data Explicitly....1128

Load Related Data Explicitly with Query Filters....1129

Temporal Queries....1130

SQL Queries with LINQ....1131

Aggregate Methods....1132

Any() and All()....1134

Getting Data from Stored Procedures....1135

Creating Records....1135

Add a Single Record....1136

Add a Single Record Using Attach....1136

Add Multiple Records at Once....1137

Adding an Object Graph....1138

Updating Records....1139

Update Tracked Entities....1140

Update Nontracked Entities....1140

Concurrency Checking When Updating Records....1141

Deleting Records....1142

Delete Tracked Records....1142

Delete Nontracked Entities....1143

Catch Cascade Delete Failures....1143

Concurrency Checking When Deleting Records....1144

Summary....1144

Part VIII: Windows Client Development....1145

Chapter 25: Introducing Windows Presentation Foundation and XAML....1146

The Motivation Behind WPF....1146

Unifying Diverse APIs....1147

Providing a Separation of Concerns via XAML....1147

Providing an Optimized Rendering Model....1148

Simplifying Complex UI Programming....1148

Investigating the WPF Assemblies....1149

The Role of the Application Class....1150

Constructing an Application Class....1151

Enumerating the Windows Collection....1152

The Role of the Window Class....1152

The Role of System.Windows.Controls.ContentControl....1153

The Role of System.Windows.Controls.Control....1154

The Role of System.Windows.FrameworkElement....1155

The Role of System.Windows.UIElement....1156

The Role of System.Windows.Media.Visual....1156

The Role of System.Windows.DependencyObject....1156

The Role of System.Windows.Threading.DispatcherObject....1157

Understanding the Syntax of WPF XAML....1157

Introducing Kaxaml....1157

XAML XML Namespaces and XAML “Keywords”....1159

Controlling Class and Member Variable Visibility....1161

XAML Elements, XAML Attributes, and Type Converters....1162

Understanding XAML Property-Element Syntax....1163

Understanding XAML Attached Properties....1163

Understanding XAML Markup Extensions....1164

Building WPF Applications Using Visual Studio....1166

The WPF Project Templates....1167

The Toolbox and XAML Designer/Editor....1168

Setting Properties Using the Properties Window....1169

Handling Events Using the Properties Window....1171

Handling Events in the XAML Editor....1172

The Document Outline Window....1173

Enable or Disable the XAML Debugger....1173

Examining the App.xaml File....1175

Mapping the Window XAML Markup to C# Code....1176

The Role of BAML....1178

Solving the Mystery of Main()....1178

Interacting with Application-Level Data....1179

Handling the Closing of a Window Object....1180

Intercepting Mouse Events....1181

Intercepting Keyboard Events....1182

Summary....1183

Chapter 26: WPF Controls, Layouts, Events, and Data Binding....1184

A Survey of the Core WPF Controls....1184

The WPF Ink Controls....1185

The WPF Document Controls....1185

WPF Common Dialog Boxes....1185

A Brief Review of the Visual Studio WPF Designer....1186

Working with WPF Controls Using Visual Studio....1186

Working with the Document Outline Editor....1187

Controlling Content Layout Using Panels....1187

Positioning Content Within Canvas Panels....1189

Positioning Content Within WrapPanel Panels....1190

Positioning Content Within StackPanel Panels....1192

Positioning Content Within Grid Panels....1193

Sizing Grid Columns and Rows....1195

Grids with GridSplitter Types....1195

Positioning Content Within DockPanel Panels....1196

Enabling Scrolling for Panel Types....1197

Configuring Panels Using the Visual Studio Designers....1198

Building a Window’s Frame Using Nested Panels....1202

Building the Menu System....1203

Building Menus Visually....1204

Building the Toolbar....1205

Building the Status Bar....1205

Finalizing the UI Design....1205

Implementing the MouseEnter/MouseLeave Event Handlers....1206

Implementing the Spell-Checking Logic....1207

Understanding WPF Commands....1207

The Intrinsic Command Objects....1208

Connecting Commands to the Command Property....1209

Connecting Commands to Arbitrary Actions....1209

Working with the Open and Save Commands....1210

Understanding Routed Events....1212

The Role of Routed Bubbling Events....1213

Continuing or Halting Bubbling....1214

The Role of Routed Tunneling Events....1215

A Deeper Look at WPF APIs and Controls....1216

Working with the TabControl....1217

Building the Ink API Tab....1217

Designing the Toolbar....1218

The RadioButton Control....1218

Add the Save, Load, and Delete Buttons....1219

Add the InkCanvas Control....1219

Preview the Window....1219

Handling Events for the Ink API Tab....1220

Add Controls to the Toolbox....1220

The InkCanvas Control....1221

The ComboBox Control....1223

Saving, Loading, and Clearing InkCanvas Data....1225

Introducing the WPF Data-Binding Model....1226

Building the Data Binding Tab....1226

Establishing Data Bindings....1227

The DataContext Property....1227

Formatting the Bound Data....1228

Data Conversion Using IValueConverter....1229

Establishing Data Bindings in Code....1230

Building the DataGrid Tab....1231

Understanding the Role of Dependency Properties....1233

Examining an Existing Dependency Property....1235

Important Notes Regarding CLR Property Wrappers....1237

Building a Custom Dependency Property....1238

Adding a Data Validation Routine....1240

Responding to the Property Change....1241

Summary....1242

Chapter 27: WPF Graphics Rendering Services....1243

Understanding WPF’s Graphical Rendering Services....1243

WPF Graphical Rendering Options....1244

Rendering Graphical Data Using Shapes....1245

Adding Rectangles, Ellipses, and Lines to a Canvas....1246

Removing Rectangles, Ellipses, and Lines from a Canvas....1249

Working with Polylines and Polygons....1249

Working with Paths....1250

The Path Modeling “Mini-Language”....1252

WPF Brushes and Pens....1253

Configuring Brushes Using Visual Studio....1254

Configuring Brushes in Code....1257

Configuring Pens....1258

Applying Graphical Transformations....1258

A First Look at Transformations....1259

Transforming Your Canvas Data....1260

Working with the Visual Studio Transform Editor....1262

Building the Initial Layout....1262

Applying Transformations at Design Time....1264

Transforming the Canvas in Code....1265

Rendering Graphical Data Using Drawings and Geometries....1266

Building a DrawingBrush Using Geometries....1266

Painting with the DrawingBrush....1267

Containing Drawing Types in a DrawingImage....1268

Working with Vector Images....1268

Converting a Sample Vector Graphic File into XAML....1269

Importing the Graphical Data into a WPF Project....1270

Interacting with the Sign....1271

Rendering Graphical Data Using the Visual Layer....1271

The Visual Base Class and Derived Child Classes....1271

A First Look at Using the DrawingVisual Class....1272

Rendering Visual Data to a Custom Layout Manager....1274

Responding to Hit-Test Operations....1276

Summary....1277

Chapter 28: WPF Resources, Animations, Styles, and Templates....1278

Understanding the WPF Resource System....1278

Working with Binary Resources....1279

Including Loose Resource Files in a Project....1280

Configuring the Loose Resources....1280

Programmatically Loading an Image....1280

Embedding Application Resources....1282

Working with Object (Logical) Resources....1282

The Role of the Resources Property....1283

Defining Window-wide Resources....1283

The {StaticResource} Markup Extension....1286

The {DynamicResource} Markup Extension....1286

Application-Level Resources....1287

Defining Merged Resource Dictionaries....1288

Defining a Resource-Only Assembly....1289

Understanding WPF’s Animation Services....1290

The Role of the Animation Class Types....1290

The To, From, and By Properties....1291

The Role of the Timeline Base Class....1291

Authoring an Animation in C# Code....1292

Controlling the Pace of an Animation....1293

Reversing and Looping an Animation....1294

Authoring Animations in XAML....1295

The Role of Storyboards....1296

The Role of Event Triggers....1296

Animation Using Discrete Key Frames....1297

Understanding the Role of WPF Styles....1298

Defining and Applying a Style....1298

Overriding Style Settings....1299

The Effect of TargetType on Styles....1299

Subclassing Existing Styles....1301

Defining Styles with Triggers....1301

Defining Styles with Multiple Triggers....1302

Animated Styles....1303

Assigning Styles Programmatically....1303

Logical Trees, Visual Trees, and Default Templates....1305

Programmatically Inspecting a Logical Tree....1305

Programmatically Inspecting a Visual Tree....1307

Programmatically Inspecting a Control’s Default Template....1308

Building a Control Template with the Trigger Framework....1311

Templates as Resources....1312

Incorporating Visual Cues Using Triggers....1313

The Role of the {TemplateBinding} Markup Extension....1314

The Role of ContentPresenter....1315

Incorporating Templates into Styles....1315

Summary....1316

Chapter 29: WPF Notifications, Validations, Commands, and MVVM....1317

Introducing Model-View-ViewModel....1317

The Model....1317

The View....1318

The View Model....1318

Anemic Models or Anemic View Models....1318

The WPF Binding Notification System....1319

Observable Models and Collections....1319

Adding Bindings and Data....1321

Programmatically Changing the Vehicle Data....1322

Observable Models....1322

Using nameof....1324

Observable Collections....1324

Using the ObservableCollections Class....1324

Implementing a Dirty Flag....1324

Updating the Source Through UI Interaction....1326

Wrapping Up Notifications and Observables....1326

WPF Validations....1326

Updating the Sample for the Validation Examples....1327

The Validation Class....1327

Validation Options....1327

Notify on Exceptions....1327

IDataErrorInfo....1328

INotifyDataErrorInfo....1331

Implement the Supporting Code....1331

Use INotifyDataErrorInfo for Validations....1333

Combine IDataErrorInfo with INotifyDataErrorInfo for Validations....1334

Show All Errors....1336

Move the Support Code to a Base Class....1337

Leverage Data Annotations with WPF....1338

Add Data Annotations to the Model....1338

Check for Data Annotation–Based Validation Errors....1338

Customizing the ErrorTemplate....1340

Wrapping Up Validations....1342

Creating Custom Commands....1343

Implementing the ICommand Interface....1343

Adding the ChangeColorCommand....1343

Attaching the Command to the CommandManager....1344

Updating MainWindow.xaml.cs....1344

Updating MainWindow.xaml....1345

Testing the Application....1345

Creating the CommandBase Class....1346

Adding the AddCarCommand Class....1347

Updating MainWindow.xaml.cs....1347

Updating MainWindow.xaml....1348

Updating ChangeColorCommand....1348

RelayCommands....1348

Creating the Base RelayCommand....1348

Creating RelayCommand....1349

Updating MainWindow.xaml.cs....1350

Adding and Implementing the Delete Car Button....1350

Wrapping Up Commands....1350

Migrate Code and Data to a View Model....1351

Moving the MainWindow.xaml.cs Code....1351

Updating the MainWindow Code and Markup....1352

Updating the Control Markup....1352

Wrapping Up View Models....1353

Updating AutoLot.Dal for MVVM....1353

Summary....1353

Part IX: ASP.NET Core....1354

Chapter 30: Introducing ASP.NET Core....1355

A Quick Look Back at ASP.NET MVC....1355

Introducing the MVC Pattern....1355

The Model....1355

The View....1356

The Controller....1356

ASP.NET Core and the MVC Pattern....1356

ASP.NET Core and .NET Core....1356

One Framework, Many Uses....1357

Create and Configure the Solution and Projects....1357

Using Visual Studio 2022....1357

Create the Solution and Projects....1357

Add in AutoLot.Models and AutoLot.Dal....1360

Add the Project References....1360

Add the NuGet Packages....1361

Using the Command Line....1362

Update the Entity Framework Core Package Reference....1364

Disable Nullable Reference Types For All Projects....1365

Create a GlobalUsing.cs Class in Each Project....1365

Running ASP.NET Core Applications....1365

Using Visual Studio....1366

Using Visual Studio Code....1367

Using the Command Line or Terminal Window....1367

Changing Code While Debugging....1367

Debugging ASP.NET Core Applications....1367

Attaching with Visual Studio....1368

Attaching with Visual Studio Code....1368

Update the AutoLot.Api and AutoLot.Web Kestrel Ports....1369

ASP.NET Core Concepts from MVC/Web API....1370

Convention over Configuration....1370

Naming Conventions....1370

Controllers and Actions (MVC Based Web Apps and RESTful Services)....1371

The Controller Class....1371

The ControllerBase Class....1371

Actions....1373

Antiforgery Tokens....1373

Opting In (MVC Style Web Apps)....1373

Opting Out (Razor Page Web Apps)....1374

Directory Structure Conventions....1374

The Controllers Folder....1374

The Views Folder....1374

The Shared Folder....1374

The Pages Folder....1374

The Shared Folder....1374

The Areas Folder....1375

The wwwroot Folder....1375

Routing....1375

URL Patterns and Route Tokens....1375

Handling Duplicate C# Method Signatures....1376

Custom Route Tokens....1376

Route Token Constraints....1377

Conventional Routing (MVC Style Web Apps)....1377

Area Routes....1379

Named Routes....1379

Attribute Routing (MVC Style Web Apps and RESTful Services)....1379

Razor Page Routing....1381

Routing and HTTP Verbs....1382

HTTP Verbs in MVC Styled Web Application Attribute Routing....1382

HTTP Verbs in RESTful Service Routing....1383

HTTP Verbs in Razor Page Routing....1384

Redirecting Using Routing....1385

Model Binding....1385

The ModelState Dictionary....1386

Adding Custom Errors to the ModelState Dictionary....1386

Clearing the ModelState Dictionary....1386

Implicit Model Binding....1387

Explicit Model Binding....1387

Property Model Binding....1389

Handling Property Name Prefixes....1389

Preventing Over Posting....1390

Controlling Model Binding Sources in ASP.NET Core....1391

Model Validation....1392

Explicit Model Validation....1393

Filters....1394

Authorization Filters....1395

Resource Filters....1395

Action Filters....1395

Page Filters....1395

Exception Filters....1395

Result Filters....1395

Summary....1395

Chapter 31: Diving Into ASP.NET Core....1396

What’s New in ASP.NET Core....1396

Razor Pages....1396

The Razor Page File....1397

The PageModel Class....1397

Page Handler Methods....1398

Environmental Awareness....1399

Determining the Runtime Environment....1399

The WebAppBuilder and WebApp....1402

The Program.cs File with RESTful Services....1402

The Program.cs File with MVC Style Applications....1403

The Program.cs File with Razor Page Based Applications....1404

Application Configuration....1405

Built-in Dependency Injection....1406

Adding Web App Support To The Dependency Injection Container....1407

Adding Derived DbContext Classes into the DI Container....1408

Adding Custom Services To The Dependency Injection Container....1409

Dependency Hierarchies....1410

Injecting Dependencies....1410

Getting Dependencies in Program.cs....1411

Build the Shared Data Services....1412

The Interfaces....1413

The AutoLot.Dal Direct Implementation....1413

The API Initial Implementation....1415

Adding the Data Services to the DI Container....1416

The Options Pattern in ASP.NET Core....1417

Using the Options Pattern....1418

The HTTP Client Factory....1420

Basic Usage....1420

Named Clients....1421

Typed Clients....1421

The AutoLot API Service Wrapper....1422

Update the Application Configuration....1423

Create the ApiServiceSettings Class....1423

Register the ApiServiceSettings Class....1424

The API Service Wrapper Base Class and Interface....1424

The IApiServiceWrapperBase Interface....1425

The ApiServiceWrapperBase Class....1425

Configuring the HttpClient in the Constructor....1426

The Internal Support Methods....1426

The Post and Put Helper Methods....1426

The HTTP Delete Helper Method Call....1427

The HTTP Get Calls....1427

The HTTP Post Call....1428

The HTTP Put Call....1428

The HTTP Delete Call....1429

The Entity Specific Interfaces....1429

The Entity Specific Classes....1429

Complete the API Data Services....1430

Complete the ApiDataServiceBase Class....1430

Complete the Entity Specific Classes....1431

Deploying ASP.NET Core Applications....1432

Lightweight and Modular HTTP Request Pipeline....1432

Logging....1432

Add Logging with Serilog....1433

The Logging Settings....1434

The Logging Configuration....1437

The AutoLot Logging Framework....1439

The IAppLogging Interface....1439

The AppLogging Class....1441

Final Configuration....1443

Add Logging to the Data Services....1444

Update the Base Classes....1444

Update the Entity Specific Data Services Classes....1445

Test-Drive the Logging Framework....1446

String Utilities....1446

Summary....1447

Chapter 32: RESTful Services with ASP.NET Core....1448

Introducing ASP.NET Core RESTful Services....1448

Controller Actions with RESTful Services....1449

Formatted JSON Response Results....1449

Configuring JSON Handling....1452

The ApiController Attribute....1453

Attribute Routing Requirement....1454

Automatic 400 Responses....1454

Binding Source Parameter Inference....1455

Problem Details for Error Status Codes....1456

Reset the Settings....1457

API Versioning....1458

Microsoft’s REST API Guidelines....1458

Add Versioning NuGet Packages....1459

The ApiVersion Class....1459

Add API Version Support....1460

Update the Top Level Statements....1462

API Versions and Naming Convention Updates....1462

The API Version Attributes....1463

Version Interleaving....1464

Controller Splitting....1465

Query String Version Requests and Routing....1466

Attribute Precedence....1467

Getting the API Version in Requests....1468

Route Updates for URL Segment Versioning....1468

URL Segment Versioning and Version Status Values....1468

Deprecating Versions....1469

Unsupported Version Requests....1469

Add the API Version Explorer....1470

Update the Swagger/OpenAPI Settings....1471

Add the XML Documentation File....1471

The Application’s Swagger Settings....1475

The SwaggerDefaultValues Operation Filter....1477

The ConfigureSwaggerOptions Class....1478

Update the SwaggerGen() Call....1480

Update the UseSwaggerUI() Call....1481

View the Results in the Swagger UI....1482

Additional Documentation Options for API Endpoints....1486

Building The BaseCrudController....1487

The Constructor....1488

The Get Methods....1488

The UpdateOne Method....1490

The AddOne Method....1492

The DeleteOne Method....1493

The CarsController....1494

The Remaining Controllers....1495

Exception Filters....1497

Create the CustomExceptionFilter....1497

Apply the Filter....1499

Test the Exception Filter....1499

Add Cross-Origin Requests Support....1500

Create a CORS Policy....1500

Add the CORS Policy to the HTTP Pipeline Handling....1500

Basic Authentication....1501

Add and Configure the Security Information....1501

Build the Basic Authentication Handler....1502

Register the Basic Authentication Handler and Secure the Controllers....1504

Summary....1507

Chapter 33: Web Applications with MVC....1508

Introducing the “V” in ASP.NET Core....1508

ViewResults and Action Methods....1508

The Razor View Engine and Razor Syntax....1511

Views....1514

The Views Directory....1514

The Shared Directory....1515

The DisplayTemplates Folder....1515

The DateTime Display Template....1515

The Car Display Template....1516

The Car with Color Display Template....1517

The EditorTemplates Folder....1517

The Car Edit Template....1517

View CSS Isolation....1518

Layouts....1519

Specifying the Layout for a View....1520

Partial Views....1521

Split the Layout into Partials....1521

Create the Partials....1521

The Head Partial....1521

The Menu Partial....1522

The JavaScript Files Partial....1522

Sending Data to Views....1523

Strongly Typed Views and View Models....1523

ViewBag, ViewData, and TempData....1524

Injecting Data....1525

Managing Client-Side Libraries....1526

Install Library Manager As a .NET Global Tool....1526

Add Client-Side Libraries to AutoLot.Mvc....1526

Add the libman.json File....1526

Visual Studio....1526

Command Line....1527

Update the libman.json File....1527

Update the JavaScript and CSS References....1529

Bundling and Minification....1529

Bundling....1530

Minification....1530

The WebOptimizer Solution....1530

Add and Configure WebOptimizer....1530

Update _ViewImports.cshtml....1532

The Controllers....1532

The HomeController....1533

The BaseCrudController....1534

The IndexAsync Method....1535

The DetailsAsync Method....1535

The CreateAsync Action Methods....1536

The Get Method....1536

The Post Method....1536

The EditAsync Action Methods....1537

The Get Method....1537

The Post Method....1538

The DeleteAsync Action Methods....1538

The Delete Get Method....1539

The Delete Post Method....1539

Using a BindProperty....1540

The CarsController....1541

Areas....1543

Area Routing....1543

The MakesController Area Controller....1544

_ViewImports and _ViewStart....1545

Tag Helpers....1545

Enabling Tag Helpers....1548

The Form Tag Helper....1548

The Cars Create Form....1549

The Form Action Button/Image Tag Helper....1550

The Anchor Tag Helper....1550

The Input Tag Helper....1551

The TextArea Tag Helper....1552

The Select Tag Helper....1552

The Validation Tag Helpers....1553

The Environment Tag Helper....1554

The Link Tag Helper....1555

The Script Tag Helper....1557

The Image Tag Helper....1558

Custom Tag Helpers....1558

Set the Foundation....1559

Update Program.cs....1559

Create the Base Class....1559

The Item Details Tag Helper....1560

The Item Delete Tag Helper....1561

The Item Edit Tag Helper....1562

The Item Create Tag Helper....1563

The Item List Tag Helper....1563

Making Custom Tag Helpers Visible....1564

HTML Helpers....1564

The DisplayFor HTML Helper....1565

The DisplayForModel HTML Helper....1565

The EditorFor and EditorForModel HTML Helpers....1566

The Car Views....1566

The Car List Partial View....1566

The Index View....1568

The ByMake View....1568

The Details View....1569

The Create View....1570

The Edit View....1572

The Delete View....1573

View Components....1574

The Server-Side Code....1575

Build the Partial View....1576

Invoking View Components....1576

Updating the Menu....1577

Custom Validation Attributes....1578

Set the Stage....1578

The ViewModel....1578

The View....1579

The Validation Action Methods....1580

The Validation Menu Item....1580

Server-Side Validation....1580

The MustBeGreaterThanZero Validation Attribute....1581

The MustNotBeGreaterThan Validation Attribute....1583

Client-Side Validation....1585

Client-Side Error Formatting....1586

The MustBeGreaterThanZero Validation Attribute....1587

The MustNotBeGreaterThan Validation Attribute....1588

Update the Validation Scripts Partial....1590

General Data Protection Regulation Support....1590

Add Cookie Policy Support....1590

The Cookie Support Partial View....1591

Menu Support to Accept/Withdraw Cookie Policy Consent....1592

Finish the Admin Area....1594

Run AutoLot.Mvc and AutoLot.Api Together....1596

Using Visual Studio....1596

Using the Command Line....1597

Summary....1598

Chapter 34: Web Applications using Razor Pages....1599

Anatomy of a Razor Page....1599

Razor Page PageModel Classes and Page Handler Methods....1599

Razor Page Views....1602

Razor Views....1604

The _ViewStart and _ViewImports Views....1604

The Shared Directory....1604

The DisplayTemplates Folder....1605

The DateTime Display Template....1605

The Car Display Template....1605

The Car with Color Display Template....1607

The EditorTemplates Folder....1607

The Car Edit Template....1607

View CSS Isolation....1608

Layouts....1608

Injecting Data....1608

Partial Views....1609

Create the Partials....1609

Sending Data to Partials....1609

ViewBag, ViewData, and TempData....1610

Add Client-Side Libraries to AutoLot.Web....1610

Add the libman.json File....1610

Visual Studio....1610

Command Line....1611

Update the libman.json File....1611

Update the JavaScript and CSS References....1612

Add and Configure WebOptimizer....1614

Tag Helpers....1615

Enabling Tag Helpers....1616

The Form Tag Helper....1616

The Form Action Button/Image Tag Helper....1617

The Anchor Tag Helper....1617

Custom Tag Helpers....1617

Update Program.cs....1618

Create the Base Class....1618

The Item Details Tag Helper....1619

The Item Delete Tag Helper....1620

The Item Edit Tag Helper....1621

The Item Create Tag Helper....1621

The Item List Tag Helper....1622

Making Custom Tag Helpers Visible....1623

The Cars Razor Pages....1623

The BasePageModel Class....1623

The Index Razor Page....1626

The Car List Partial View....1627

The Index Razor Page View....1629

The Details Razor Page....1629

The Details Razor Page View....1630

The Create Razor Page....1630

The Create Razor Page View....1631

The Edit Razor Page....1632

The Edit Razor Page View....1633

The Delete Razor Page....1634

The Delete Razor Page View....1635

View Components....1636

Build the Partial View....1637

Areas....1638

Area Routing with Razor Pages....1638

_ViewImports and _ViewStart....1638

The Makes Razor Pages....1638

The Make DisplayTemplate....1638

The Make EditorTemplate....1638

The Index Razor Page....1639

The Index Razor Page View....1639

The Details Razor Page....1640

The Details Razor Page View....1640

The Create Razor Page....1641

The Create Razor Page View....1641

The Edit Razor Page....1642

The Edit Razor Page View....1642

The Delete Razor Page....1643

The Delete Razor Page View....1643

Add the Area Menu Item....1644

Custom Validation Attributes....1644

General Data Protection Regulation Support....1647

The Cookie Support Partial View....1648

Menu Support to Accept/Withdraw Cookie Policy Consent....1649

Summary....1650

Index....1651

Welcome to the most comprehensive foundational guide available on the topic of C# coding and .NET. This book goes beyond “do this, to achieve this” to drill down into the core stuff that makes a good developer, great. This expanded 11th edition delivers loads of new content on Entity Framework, Razor Pages, Web APIs and more. You will find the latest C# 10 and .NET 6 features served up with plenty of “behind the curtain” discussion designed to expand developers’ critical thinking skills when it comes to their craft. Coverage of ASP.NET Core, Entity Framework Core, and more sits alongside the latest updates to the new unified .NET platform, from performance improvements to Windows Desktop apps on .NET 6, updates in XAML tooling, and expanded coverage of data files and data handling. Going beyond the latest features in C# 10, all code samples are rewritten for this latest release.

Dive in and discover why this essential classic is a favorite of C# developers worldwide. Gain a solid foundation in object-oriented development techniques, attributes and reflection, generics and collections, and numerous advanced topics not found in other texts (such as CIL opcodes and emitting dynamic assemblies). Pro C# 10 with .NET 6 will build your coding confidence putting C# into practice, and exploring the .NET universe and its vast potential on your own terms.

What You Will Learn

• Explore C# 10 features and updates in records and record structs, global and implicit using directives, file level namespaces, extended property patterns, and more
• Develop applications with C# and modern frameworks for services, web, and smart client applications
• Hit the ground running with ASP.NET Core web applications using MVC and Razor Pages, including view components, custom tag helpers, custom validation, GDPR support, and areas
• Build ASP.NET RESTful services complete with versioning, enhanced swagger, and basic authentication
• Embrace Entity Framework Core for building real-world, data-centric applications, with deeply expanded coverage new to this edition including SQL Server temporal table support
• Dive into Windows Desktop Apps on .NET 6 using Windows Presentation Foundation
• Understand the philosophy behind .NET
• Discover the new features in .NET 6, including single file applications, smaller container images, and more

Who This Book Is For

Developers of any level who want to either learn C# and .NET or want to take their skills to the next level.