Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Dynamic Websites. 6 Ed

Copyright....4

Table of Contents....7

Preface....25

Audience....25

Assumptions This Book Makes....25

Organization of This Book....26

Conventions Used in This Book....26

Using Code Examples....27

OReilly Online Learning....28

How to Contact Us....29

Acknowledgments....29

Chapter 1. Introduction to Dynamic Web Content....31

HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lees Basics....32

The RequestResponse Procedure....32

The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5....35

MariaDB: The MySQL Clone....36

Using PHP....36

Using MySQL....37

Using JavaScript....38

Using CSS....40

And Then Theres HTML5....40

The Apache Web Server....41

Handling Mobile Devices....42

About Open Source....42

Bringing It All Together....43

Questions....45

Chapter 2. Setting Up a Development Server....47

What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP?....48

Installing AMPPS on Windows....48

Testing the Installation....53

Accessing the Document Root (Windows)....55

Alternative WAMPs....56

Installing AMPPS on macOS....57

Accessing the Document Root (macOS)....58

Installing a LAMP on Linux....59

Working Remotely....59

Logging In....60

Using SFTP or FTPS....60

Using a Code Editor....61

Using an IDE....62

Questions....64

Chapter 3. Introduction to PHP....65

Incorporating PHP Within HTML....65

This Books Examples....67

The Structure of PHP....67

Using Comments....67

Basic Syntax....68

Variables....69

Operators....74

Variable Assignment....78

Multiline Commands....80

Variable Typing....82

Constants....83

Predefined Constants....84

The Difference Between the echo and print Commands....85

Functions....85

Variable Scope....86

Questions....92

Chapter 4. Expressions and Control Flow in PHP....93

Expressions....93

TRUE or FALSE?....94

Literals and Variables....95

Operators....96

Operator Precedence....97

Associativity....99

Relational Operators....100

Conditionals....104

The if Statement....105

The else Statement....106

The elseif Statement....108

The switch Statement....109

The ? (or ternary) Operator....112

Looping....113

while Loops....114

do...while Loops....116

for Loops....116

Breaking Out of a Loop....118

The continue Statement....119

Implicit and Explicit Casting....120

PHP Dynamic Linking....121

Dynamic Linking in Action....122

Questions....123

Chapter 5. PHP Functions and Objects....125

PHP Functions....126

Defining a Function....127

Returning a Value....128

Returning an Array....129

Passing Arguments by Reference....130

Returning Global Variables....132

Recap of Variable Scope....132

Including and Requiring Files....133

The include Statement....133

Using include_once....133

Using require and require_once....134

PHP Version Compatibility....134

PHP Objects....135

Terminology....136

Declaring a Class....137

Creating an Object....138

Accessing Objects....138

Cloning Objects....140

Constructors....141

Destructors....141

Writing Methods....142

Declaring Properties....143

Declaring Constants....144

Property and Method Scope....144

Static Methods....145

Static Properties....146

Inheritance....147

Questions....151

Chapter 6. PHP Arrays....153

Basic Access....153

Numerically Indexed Arrays....153

Associative Arrays....155

Assignment Using the array Keyword....156

The foreach...as Loop....157

Multidimensional Arrays....159

Using Array Functions....162

is_array....162

count....163

sort....163

shuffle....163

explode....164

extract....165

compact....165

reset....167

end....167

Questions....167

Chapter 7. Practical PHP....169

Using printf....169

Precision Setting....170

String Padding....172

Using sprintf....173

Date and Time Functions....173

Date Constants....176

Using checkdate....176

File Handling....177

Checking Whether a File Exists....177

Creating a File....177

Reading from Files....179

Copying Files....180

Moving a File....180

Deleting a File....181

Updating Files....181

Locking Files for Multiple Accesses....182

Reading an Entire File....184

Uploading Files....185

System Calls....190

XHTML or HTML5?....192

Questions....193

Chapter 8. Introduction to MySQL....195

MySQL Basics....195

Summary of Database Terms....196

Accessing MySQL via the Command Line....196

Starting the Command-Line Interface....197

Using the Command-Line Interface....201

MySQL Commands....202

Data Types....207

Indexes....217

Creating an Index....217

Querying a MySQL Database....223

Joining Tables Together....233

Using Logical Operators....235

MySQL Functions....236

Accessing MySQL via phpMyAdmin....236

Questions....237

Chapter 9. Mastering MySQL....239

Database Design....239

Primary Keys: The Keys to Relational Databases....240

Normalization....241

First Normal Form....242

Second Normal Form....244

Third Normal Form....246

When Not to Use Normalization....248

Relationships....249

One-to-One....249

One-to-Many....250

Many-to-Many....251

Databases and Anonymity....252

Transactions....253

Transaction Storage Engines....253

Using BEGIN....254

Using COMMIT....255

Using ROLLBACK....255

Using EXPLAIN....256

Backing Up and Restoring....257

Using mysqldump....257

Creating a Backup File....259

Restoring from a Backup File....261

Dumping Data in CSV Format....261

Planning Your Backups....262

Questions....262

Chapter 10. Whats New in PHP 8 and MySQL 8....265

About This Chapter....265

PHP 8....266

Named Parameters....266

Attributes....267

Constructor Properties....267

Just-In-Time Compilation....268

Union Types....268

Null-safe Operator....268

match Expressions....268

New Functions....269

MySQL 8....273

Updates to SQL....273

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)....274

Geography Support....274

Reliability....274

Speed and Performance....274

Management....275

Security....275

Questions....276

Chapter 11. Accessing MySQL Using PHP....277

Querying a MySQL Database with PHP....277

The Process....277

Creating a Login File....278

Connecting to a MySQL Database....279

A Practical Example....284

The _POST Array....287

Deleting a Record....288

Displaying the Form....288

Querying the Database....289

Running the Program....290

Practical MySQL....291

Creating a Table....292

Describing a Table....293

Dropping a Table....294

Adding Data....294

Retrieving Data....295

Updating Data....296

Deleting Data....297

Using AUTO_INCREMENT....297

Performing Additional Queries....299

Preventing Hacking Attempts....300

Steps You Can Take....301

Using Placeholders....303

Preventing JavaScript Injection into HTML....305

Questions....307

Chapter 12. Form Handling....309

Building Forms....309

Retrieving Submitted Data....311

Default Values....312

Input Types....313

Sanitizing Input....320

An Example Program....322

HTML5 Enhancements....324

The autocomplete Attribute....325

The autofocus Attribute....325

The placeholder Attribute....325

The required Attribute....326

Override Attributes....326

The width and height Attributes....326

The min and max Attributes....326

The step Attribute....326

The form Attribute....327

The list Attribute....327

The color Input Type....327

The number and range Input Types....327

Date and Time Pickers....328

Questions....328

Chapter 13. Cookies, Sessions, and Authentication....329

Using Cookies in PHP....329

Setting a Cookie....331

Accessing a Cookie....332

Destroying a Cookie....332

HTTP Authentication....332

Storing Usernames and Passwords....336

An Example Program....338

Using Sessions....341

Starting a Session....342

Ending a Session....345

Setting a Timeout....346

Session Security....347

Questions....350

Chapter 14. Exploring JavaScript....351

JavaScript and HTML Text....352

Using Scripts Within a Document Head....353

Older and Nonstandard Browsers....354

Including JavaScript Files....354

Debugging JavaScript Errors....355

Using Comments....355

Semicolons....356

Variables....356

String Variables....357

Numeric Variables....357

Arrays....357

Operators....358

Arithmetic Operators....358

Assignment Operators....359

Comparison Operators....359

Logical Operators....360

Incrementing, Decrementing, and Shorthand Assignment....360

String Concatenation....360

Escape Characters....361

Variable Typing....361

Functions....363

Global Variables....363

Local Variables....363

Using let and const....364

The Document Object Model....367

Another Use for the Symbol....369

Using the DOM....370

About document.write....371

Using console.log....371

Using alert....371

Writing into Elements....371

Using document.write....371

Questions....372

Chapter 15. Expressions and Control Flow in JavaScript....373

Expressions....373

Literals and Variables....374

Operators....375

Operator Precedence....376

Associativity....376

Relational Operators....377

The with Statement....380

Using onerror....381

Using try...catch....382

Conditionals....383

The if Statement....383

The else Statement....383

The switch Statement....384

The ? Operator....386

Looping....387

while Loops....387

do...while Loops....387

for Loops....388

Breaking Out of a Loop....389

The continue Statement....389

Explicit Casting....390

Questions....391

Chapter 16. JavaScript Functions, Objects, and Arrays....393

JavaScript Functions....393

Defining a Function....393

Returning a Value....395

Returning an Array....397

JavaScript Objects....398

Declaring a Class....398

Creating an Object....400

Accessing Objects....400

The prototype Keyword....400

JavaScript Arrays....403

Numeric Arrays....404

Associative Arrays....405

Multidimensional Arrays....406

Using Array Methods....407

Questions....412

Chapter 17. JavaScript and PHP Validation and Error Handling....415

Validating User Input with JavaScript....415

The validate.html Document (Part 1)....416

The validate.html Document (Part 2)....418

Regular Expressions....421

Matching Through Metacharacters....422

Fuzzy Character Matching....422

Grouping Through Parentheses....423

Character Classes....424

Indicating a Range....424

Negation....424

Some More Complicated Examples....425

Summary of Metacharacters....428

General Modifiers....429

Using Regular Expressions in JavaScript....430

Using Regular Expressions in PHP....430

Redisplaying a Form After PHP Validation....431

Questions....437

Chapter 18. Using Asynchronous Communication....439

What Is Asynchronous Communication?....440

Using XMLHttpRequest....440

Your First Asynchronous Program....441

Using GET Instead of POST....445

Sending XML Requests....447

Using Frameworks for Asynchronous Communication....451

Questions....451

Chapter 19. Introduction to CSS....453

Importing a Stylesheet....454

Importing CSS from Within HTML....454

Embedded Style Settings....455

Using IDs....455

Using Classes....455

Using Semicolons....456

CSS Rules....456

Multiple Assignments....456

Using Comments....457

Style Types....458

Default Styles....458

User Styles....458

External Stylesheets....459

Internal Styles....459

Inline Styles....460

CSS Selectors....460

The Type Selector....460

The Descendant Selector....460

The Child Selector....461

The ID Selector....462

The Class Selector....463

The Attribute Selector....464

The Universal Selector....464

Selecting by Group....465

The CSS Cascade....466

Stylesheet Creators....466

Stylesheet Methods....466

Stylesheet Selectors....467

The Difference Between div and span Elements....469

Measurements....471

Fonts and Typography....473

font-family....473

font-style....474

font-size....474

font-weight....475

Managing Text Styles....475

Decoration....476

Spacing....476

Alignment....477

Transformation....477

Indenting....477

CSS Colors....478

Short Color Strings....478

Gradients....479

Positioning Elements....480

Absolute Positioning....480

Relative Positioning....481

Fixed Positioning....481

Pseudoclasses....483

Shorthand Rules....485

The Box Model and Layout....486

Setting Margins....486

Applying Borders....488

Adjusting Padding....489

Object Contents....491

Questions....491

Chapter 20. Advanced CSS with CSS3....493

Attribute Selectors....494

Matching Parts of Strings....494

The box-sizing Property....495

CSS3 Backgrounds....496

The background-clip Property....496

The background-origin Property....498

The background-size Property....498

Using the auto Value....499

Multiple Backgrounds....499

CSS3 Borders....501

The border-color Property....501

The border-radius Property....501

Box Shadows....504

Element Overflow....505

Multicolumn Layout....505

Colors and Opacity....507

HSL Colors....507

HSLA Colors....508

RGB Colors....508

RGBA Colors....509

The opacity Property....509

Text Effects....509

The text-shadow Property....509

The text-overflow Property....509

The word-wrap Property....510

Web Fonts....511

Google Web Fonts....512

Transformations....513

3D Transformations....514

Transitions....515

Properties to Transition....515

Transition Duration....516

Transition Delay....516

Transition Timing....516

Shorthand Syntax....517

Questions....518

Chapter 21. Accessing CSS from JavaScript....521

Revisiting the getElementById Function....521

The O Function....521

The S Function....522

The C Function....523

Including the Functions....524

Accessing CSS Properties from JavaScript....524

Some Common Properties....525

Other Properties....526

Inline JavaScript....528

The this Keyword....528

Attaching Events to Objects in a Script....529

Attaching to Other Events....529

Adding New Elements....530

Removing Elements....532

Alternatives to Adding and Removing Elements....532

Using Interrupts....533

Using setTimeout....534

Canceling a Timeout....535

Using setInterval....535

Using Interrupts for Animation....537

Questions....539

Chapter 22. Introduction to jQuery....541

Why jQuery?....542

Including jQuery....542

Choosing the Right Version....543

Downloading....544

Using a Content Delivery Network....544

Customizing jQuery....545

jQuery Syntax....545

A Simple Example....546

Avoiding Library Conflicts....547

Selectors....547

The css Method....547

The Element Selector....548

The ID Selector....549

The Class Selector....549

Combining Selectors....549

Handling Events....550

Waiting Until the Document Is Ready....551

Event Functions and Properties....552

The blur and focus Events....553

The this Keyword....554

The click and dblclick Events....554

The keypress Event....555

Considerate Programming....557

The mousemove Event....557

Other Mouse Events....560

Alternative Mouse Methods....561

The submit Event....562

Special Effects....563

Hiding and Showing....564

The toggle Method....565

Fading In and Out....566

Sliding Elements Up and Down....567

Animations....568

Stopping Animations....571

Manipulating the DOM....572

The Difference Between the text and html Methods....573

The val and attr Methods....573

Adding and Removing Elements....575

Dynamically Applying Classes....577

Modifying Dimensions....577

The width and height Methods....578

The innerWidth and innerHeight Methods....580

The outerWidth and outerHeight Methods....580

DOM Traversal....581

Parent Elements....581

Child Elements....585

Sibling Elements....585

Selecting the Next and Previous Elements....587

Traversing jQuery Selections....589

The is Method....590

Using jQuery Without Selectors....592

The .each Method....592

The .map Method....593

Using Asynchronous Communication....593

Using the POST Method....594

Using the GET Method....594

Plug-ins....595

jQuery User Interface....595

Other Plug-ins....596

Questions....596

Chapter 23. Introduction to jQuery Mobile....599

Including jQuery Mobile....600

Getting Started....601

Linking Pages....603

Linking Synchronously....604

Linking Within a Multipage Document....604

Page Transitions....605

Styling Buttons....610

List Handling....612

Filterable Lists....613

List Dividers....615

What Next?....618

Questions....618

Chapter 24. Introduction to React....621

What Is the Point of React Anyway?....622

Accessing the React Files....623

Including babel.js....624

Our First React Project....625

Using a Function Instead of a Class....626

Pure and Impure Code: A Golden Rule....628

Using Both a Class and a Function....628

Props and Components....629

The Differences Between Using a Class and a Function....630

React State and Life Cycle....631

Using Hooks (if You Use Node.js)....634

Events in React....634

Inline JSX Conditional Statements....636

Using Lists and Keys....637

Unique Keys....638

Handling Forms....639

Using Text Input....640

Using textarea....642

Using select....643

React Native....645

Creating React Native Apps....645

Further Reading....645

Taking React to the Next Level....646

Questions....646

Chapter 25. Introduction to HTML5....649

The Canvas....649

Geolocation....651

Audio and Video....653

Forms....654

Local Storage....654

Web Workers....654

Questions....655

Chapter 26. The HTML5 Canvas....657

Creating and Accessing a Canvas....657

The toDataURL Function....659

Specifying an Image Type....661

The fillRect Method....661

The clearRect Method....661

The strokeRect Method....662

Combining These Commands....662

The createLinearGradient Method....663

The addColorStop Method in Detail....665

The createRadialGradient Method....666

Using Patterns for Fills....668

Writing Text to the Canvas....670

The strokeText Method....670

The textBaseline Property....671

The font Property....671

The textAlign Property....671

The fillText Method....672

The measureText Method....673

Drawing Lines....673

The lineWidth Property....674

The lineCap and lineJoin Properties....674

The miterLimit Property....676

Using Paths....676

The moveTo and lineTo Methods....677

The stroke Method....677

The rect Method....678

Filling Areas....678

The clip Method....680

The isPointInPath Method....683

Working with Curves....684

The arc Method....684

The arcTo Method....687

The quadraticCurveTo Method....688

The bezierCurveTo Method....689

Manipulating Images....690

The drawImage Method....690

Resizing an Image....691

Selecting an Image Area....691

Copying from a Canvas....693

Adding Shadows....693

Editing at the Pixel Level....695

The getImageData Method....695

The putImageData Method....698

The createImageData Method....698

Advanced Graphical Effects....699

The globalCompositeOperation Property....699

The globalAlpha Property....702

Transformations....702

The scale Method....703

The save and restore Methods....704

The rotate Method....704

The translate Method....705

The transform Method....706

The setTransform Method....708

Questions....709

Chapter 27. HTML5 Audio and Video....711

About Codecs....712

The Element....713

The Element....715

The Video Codecs....716

Questions....719

Chapter 28. Other HTML5 Features....721

Geolocation and the GPS Service....721

Other Location Methods....722

Geolocation and HTML5....723

Local Storage....726

Using Local Storage....726

The localStorage Object....727

Web Workers....729

Drag and Drop....732

Cross-Document Messaging....734

Other HTML5 Tags....738

Questions....738

Chapter 29. Bringing It All Together....739

Designing a Social Networking App....740

On the Website....740

functions.php....740

The Functions....741

header.php....743

setup.php....746

index.php....748

signup.php....749

Checking for Username Availability....749

Logging In....750

checkuser.php....753

login.php....754

profile.php....756

Adding the About Me Text....757

Adding a Profile Image....757

Processing the Image....757

Displaying the Current Profile....758

members.php....761

Viewing a Users Profile....762

Adding and Dropping Friends....762

Listing All Members....762

friends.php....765

messages.php....768

logout.php....771

styles.css....773

javascript.js....775

Questions....776

Appendix A. Solutions to the Chapter Questions....777

Chapter 1 Answers....777

Chapter 2 Answers....778

Chapter 3 Answers....778

Chapter 4 Answers....780

Chapter 5 Answers....780

Chapter 6 Answers....781

Chapter 7 Answers....782

Chapter 8 Answers....783

Chapter 9 Answers....784

Chapter 10 Answers....785

Chapter 11 Answers....785

Chapter 12 Answers....786

Chapter 13 Answers....787

Chapter 14 Answers....788

Chapter 15 Answers....788

Chapter 16 Answers....789

Chapter 17 Answers....790

Chapter 18 Answers....791

Chapter 19 Answers....791

Chapter 20 Answers....792

Chapter 21 Answers....793

Chapter 22 Answers....794

Chapter 23 Answers....795

Chapter 24 Answers....796

Chapter 25 Answers....797

Chapter 26 Answers....797

Chapter 27 Answers....799

Chapter 28 Answers....799

Chapter 29 Answers....800

Index....801

About the Author....824

Colophon....824

Build interactive, data-driven websites with the potent combination of open source technologies and web standards, even if you have only basic HTML knowledge. With the latest edition of this popular hands-on guide, you'll tackle dynamic web programming using the most recent versions of today's core technologies: PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, HTML5, jQuery, and the powerful React library.

Web designers will learn how to use these technologies together while picking up valuable web programming practices along the way, including how to optimize websites for mobile devices. You'll put everything together to build a fully functional social networking site suitable for both desktop and mobile browsers.

• Explore MySQL from database structure to complex queries
• Use the MySQL PDO extension, PHP's improved MySQL interface
• Create dynamic PHP web pages that tailor themselves to the user
• Manage cookies and sessions and maintain a high level of security
• Enhance JavaScript with the React library
• Use Ajax calls for background browser-server communication
• Style your web pages by acquiring CSS skills
• Implement HTML5 features, including geolocation, audio, video, and the canvas element
• Reformat your websites into mobile web apps