Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
1. Introduction to Dynamic Web Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee’s Basics 2
The Request/Response Procedure 2
The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5 5
MariaDB: The MySQL Clone 6
Using PHP 6
Using MySQL 7
Using JavaScript 8
Using CSS 10
And Then There’s HTML5 10
The Apache Web Server 11
Handling Mobile Devices 12
About Open Source 12
Bringing It All Together 13
Questions 15
2. Setting Up a Development Server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP? 18
Installing AMPPS on Windows 18
Testing the Installation 23
Accessing the Document Root (Windows) 25
Alternative WAMPs 26
Installing AMPPS on macOS 27
Accessing the Document Root (macOS) 28
Installing a LAMP on Linux 29
Working Remotely 29
Logging In 30
Using SFTP or FTPS 30
Using a Code Editor 31
Using an IDE 32
Questions 34
3. Introduction to PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Incorporating PHP Within HTML 35
This Book’s Examples 37
The Structure of PHP 37
Using Comments 37
Basic Syntax 38
Variables 39
Operators 44
Variable Assignment 48
Multiline Commands 50
Variable Typing 52
Constants 53
Predefined Constants 54
The Difference Between the echo and print Commands 55
Functions 55
Variable Scope 56
Questions 62
4. Expressions and Control Flow in PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Expressions 63
TRUE or FALSE? 64
Literals and Variables 65
Operators 66
Operator Precedence 67
Associativity 69
Relational Operators 70
Conditionals 74
The if Statement 75
The else Statement 76
The elseif Statement 78
The switch Statement 79
The ? (or ternary) Operator 82
Looping 83
while Loops 84
do...while Loops 86
for Loops 86
Breaking Out of a Loop 88
The continue Statement 89
Implicit and Explicit Casting 90
PHP Dynamic Linking 91
Dynamic Linking in Action 92
Questions 93
5. PHP Functions and Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
PHP Functions 96
Defining a Function 97
Returning a Value 98
Returning an Array 99
Passing Arguments by Reference 100
Returning Global Variables 102
Recap of Variable Scope 102
Including and Requiring Files 103
The include Statement 103
Using include_once 103
Using require and require_once 104
PHP Version Compatibility 104
PHP Objects 105
Terminology 106
Declaring a Class 107
Creating an Object 108
Accessing Objects 108
Cloning Objects 110
Constructors 111
Destructors 111
Writing Methods 112
Declaring Properties 113
Declaring Constants 114
Property and Method Scope 114
Static Methods 115
Static Properties 116
Inheritance 117
Questions 121
6. PHP Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Basic Access 123
Numerically Indexed Arrays 123
Associative Arrays 125
Assignment Using the array Keyword 126
The foreach...as Loop 127
Multidimensional Arrays 129
Using Array Functions 132
is_array 132
count 133
sort 133
shuffle 133
explode 134
extract 135
compact 135
reset 137
end 137
Questions 137
7. Practical PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Using printf 139
Precision Setting 140
String Padding 142
Using sprintf 143
Date and Time Functions 143
Date Constants 146
Using checkdate 146
File Handling 147
Checking Whether a File Exists 147
Creating a File 147
Reading from Files 149
Copying Files 150
Moving a File 150
Deleting a File 151
Updating Files 151
Locking Files for Multiple Accesses 152
Reading an Entire File 154
Uploading Files 155
System Calls 160
XHTML or HTML5? 162
Questions 163
8. Introduction to MySQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
MySQL Basics 165
Summary of Database Terms 166
Accessing MySQL via the Command Line 166
Starting the Command-Line Interface 167
Using the Command-Line Interface 171
MySQL Commands 172
Data Types 177
Indexes 187
Creating an Index 187
Querying a MySQL Database 193
Joining Tables Together 203
Using Logical Operators 205
MySQL Functions 206
Accessing MySQL via phpMyAdmin 206
Questions 207
9. Mastering MySQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Database Design 209
Primary Keys: The Keys to Relational Databases 210
Normalization 211
First Normal Form 212
Second Normal Form 214
Third Normal Form 216
When Not to Use Normalization 218
Relationships 219
One-to-One 219
One-to-Many 220
Many-to-Many 221
Databases and Anonymity 222
Transactions 223
Transaction Storage Engines 223
Using BEGIN 224
Using COMMIT 225
Using ROLLBACK 225
Using EXPLAIN 226
Backing Up and Restoring 227
Using mysqldump 227
Creating a Backup File 229
Restoring from a Backup File 231
Dumping Data in CSV Format 231
Planning Your Backups 232
Questions 232
10. What’s New in PHP 8 and MySQL 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
About This Chapter 235
PHP 8 236
Named Parameters 236
Attributes 237
Constructor Properties 237
Just-In-Time Compilation 238
Union Types 238
Null-safe Operator 238
match Expressions 238
New Functions 239
MySQL 8 243
Updates to SQL 243
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) 244
Geography Support 244
Reliability 244
Speed and Performance 244
Management 245
Security 245
Questions 246
11. Accessing MySQL Using PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Querying a MySQL Database with PHP 247
The Process 247
Creating a Login File 248
Connecting to a MySQL Database 249
A Practical Example 254
The $_POST Array 257
Deleting a Record 258
Displaying the Form 258
Querying the Database 259
Running the Program 260
Practical MySQL 261
Creating a Table 262
Describing a Table 263
Dropping a Table 264
Adding Data 264
Retrieving Data 265
Updating Data 266
Deleting Data 267
Using AUTO_INCREMENT 267
Performing Additional Queries 269
Preventing Hacking Attempts 270
Steps You Can Take 271
Using Placeholders 273
Preventing JavaScript Injection into HTML 275
Questions 277
12. Form Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Building Forms 279
Retrieving Submitted Data 281
Default Values 282
Input Types 283
Sanitizing Input 290
An Example Program 292
HTML5 Enhancements 294
The autocomplete Attribute 295
The autofocus Attribute 295
The placeholder Attribute 295
The required Attribute 296
Override Attributes 296
The width and height Attributes 296
The min and max Attributes 296
The step Attribute 296
The form Attribute 297
The list Attribute 297
The color Input Type 297
The number and range Input Types 297
Date and Time Pickers 298
Questions 298
13. Cookies, Sessions, and Authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Using Cookies in PHP 299
Setting a Cookie 301
Accessing a Cookie 302
Destroying a Cookie 302
HTTP Authentication 302
Storing Usernames and Passwords 306
An Example Program 308
Using Sessions 311
Starting a Session 312
Ending a Session 315
Setting a Timeout 316
Session Security 317
Questions 320
14. Exploring JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
JavaScript and HTML Text 322
Using Scripts Within a Document Head 323
Older and Nonstandard Browsers 324
Including JavaScript Files 324
Debugging JavaScript Errors 325
Using Comments 325
Semicolons 326
Variables 326
String Variables 327
Numeric Variables 327
Arrays 327
Operators 328
Arithmetic Operators 328
Assignment Operators 329
Comparison Operators 329
Logical Operators 330
Incrementing, Decrementing, and Shorthand Assignment 330
String Concatenation 330
Escape Characters 331
Variable Typing 331
Functions 333
Global Variables 333
Local Variables 333
Using let and const 334
The Document Object Model 337
Another Use for the $ Symbol 339
Using the DOM 340
About document.write 341
Using console.log 341
Using alert 341
Writing into Elements 341
Using document.write 341
Questions 342
15. Expressions and Control Flow in JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Expressions 343
Literals and Variables 344
Operators 345
Operator Precedence 346
Associativity 346
Relational Operators 347
The with Statement 350
Using onerror 351
Using try...catch 352
Conditionals 353
The if Statement 353
The else Statement 353
The switch Statement 354
The ? Operator 356
Looping 357
while Loops 357
do...while Loops 357
for Loops 358
Breaking Out of a Loop 359
The continue Statement 359
Explicit Casting 360
Questions 361
16. JavaScript Functions, Objects, and Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
JavaScript Functions 363
Defining a Function 363
Returning a Value 365
Returning an Array 367
JavaScript Objects 368
Declaring a Class 368
Creating an Object 370
Accessing Objects 370
The prototype Keyword 370
JavaScript Arrays 373
Numeric Arrays 374
Associative Arrays 375
Multidimensional Arrays 376
Using Array Methods 377
Questions 382
17. JavaScript and PHP Validation and Error Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Validating User Input with JavaScript 385
The validate.html Document (Part 1) 386
The validate.html Document (Part 2) 388
Regular Expressions 391
Matching Through Metacharacters 392
Fuzzy Character Matching 392
Grouping Through Parentheses 393
Character Classes 394
Indicating a Range 394
Negation 394
Some More Complicated Examples 395
Summary of Metacharacters 398
General Modifiers 399
Using Regular Expressions in JavaScript 400
Using Regular Expressions in PHP 400
Redisplaying a Form After PHP Validation 401
Questions 407
18. Using Asynchronous Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
What Is Asynchronous Communication? 410
Using XMLHttpRequest 410
Your First Asynchronous Program 411
Using GET Instead of POST 415
Sending XML Requests 417
Using Frameworks for Asynchronous Communication 421
Questions 421
19. Introduction to CSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Importing a Stylesheet 424
Importing CSS from Within HTML 424
Embedded Style Settings 425
Using IDs 425
Using Classes 425
Using Semicolons 426
CSS Rules 426
Multiple Assignments 426
Using Comments 427
Style Types 428
Default Styles 428
User Styles 428
External Stylesheets 429
Internal Styles 429
Inline Styles 430
CSS Selectors 430
The Type Selector 430
The Descendant Selector 430
The Child Selector 431
The ID Selector 432
The Class Selector 433
The Attribute Selector 434
The Universal Selector 434
Selecting by Group 435
The CSS Cascade 436
Stylesheet Creators 436
Stylesheet Methods 436
Stylesheet Selectors 437
The Difference Between div and span Elements 439
Measurements 441
Fonts and Typography 443
font-family 443
font-style 444
font-size 444
font-weight 445
Managing Text Styles 445
Decoration 446
Spacing 446
Alignment 447
Transformation 447
Indenting 447
CSS Colors 448
Short Color Strings 448
Gradients 449
Positioning Elements 450
Absolute Positioning 450
Relative Positioning 451
Fixed Positioning 451
Pseudoclasses 453
Shorthand Rules 455
The Box Model and Layout 456
Setting Margins 456
Applying Borders 458
Adjusting Padding 459
Object Contents 461
Questions 461
20. Advanced CSS with CSS3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Attribute Selectors 464
Matching Parts of Strings 464
The box-sizing Property 465
CSS3 Backgrounds 466
The background-clip Property 466
The background-origin Property 468
The background-size Property 468
Using the auto Value 469
Multiple Backgrounds 469
CSS3 Borders 471
The border-color Property 471
The border-radius Property 471
Box Shadows 474
Element Overflow 475
Multicolumn Layout 475
Colors and Opacity 477
HSL Colors 477
HSLA Colors 478
RGB Colors 478
RGBA Colors 479
The opacity Property 479
Text Effects 479
The text-shadow Property 479
The text-overflow Property 479
The word-wrap Property 480
Web Fonts 481
Google Web Fonts 482
Transformations 483
3D Transformations 484
Transitions 485
Properties to Transition 485
Transition Duration 486
Transition Delay 486
Transition Timing 486
Shorthand Syntax 487
Questions 488
21. Accessing CSS from JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Revisiting the getElementById Function 491
The O Function 491
The S Function 492
The C Function 493
Including the Functions 494
Accessing CSS Properties from JavaScript 494
Some Common Properties 495
Other Properties 496
Inline JavaScript 498
The this Keyword 498
Attaching Events to Objects in a Script 499
Attaching to Other Events 499
Adding New Elements 500
Removing Elements 502
Alternatives to Adding and Removing Elements 502
Using Interrupts 503
Using setTimeout 504
Canceling a Timeout 505
Using setInterval 505
Using Interrupts for Animation 507
Questions 509
22. Introduction to jQuery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Why jQuery? 512
Including jQuery 512
Choosing the Right Version 513
Downloading 514
Using a Content Delivery Network 514
Customizing jQuery 515
jQuery Syntax 515
A Simple Example 516
Avoiding Library Conflicts 517
Selectors 517
The css Method 517
The Element Selector 518
The ID Selector 519
The Class Selector 519
Combining Selectors 519
Handling Events 520
Waiting Until the Document Is Ready 521
Event Functions and Properties 522
The blur and focus Events 523
The this Keyword 524
The click and dblclick Events 524
The keypress Event 525
Considerate Programming 527
The mousemove Event 527
Other Mouse Events 530
Alternative Mouse Methods 531
The submit Event 532
Special Effects 533
Hiding and Showing 534
The toggle Method 535
Fading In and Out 536
Sliding Elements Up and Down 537
Animations 538
Stopping Animations 541
Manipulating the DOM 542
The Difference Between the text and html Methods 543
The val and attr Methods 543
Adding and Removing Elements 545
Dynamically Applying Classes 547
Modifying Dimensions 547
The width and height Methods 548
The innerWidth and innerHeight Methods 550
The outerWidth and outerHeight Methods 550
DOM Traversal 551
Parent Elements 551
Child Elements 555
Sibling Elements 555
Selecting the Next and Previous Elements 557
Traversing jQuery Selections 559
The is Method 560
Using jQuery Without Selectors 562
The $.each Method 562
The $.map Method 563
Using Asynchronous Communication 563
Using the POST Method 564
Using the GET Method 564
Plug-ins 565
jQuery User Interface 565
Other Plug-ins 566
Questions 566
23. Introduction to jQuery Mobile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Including jQuery Mobile 570
Getting Started 571
Linking Pages 573
Linking Synchronously 574
Linking Within a Multipage Document 574
Page Transitions 575
Styling Buttons 580
List Handling 582
Filterable Lists 583
List Dividers 585
What Next? 588
Questions 588
24. Introduction to React. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
What Is the Point of React Anyway? 592
Accessing the React Files 593
Including babel.js 594
Our First React Project 595
Using a Function Instead of a Class 596
Pure and Impure Code: A Golden Rule 598
Using Both a Class and a Function 598
Props and Components 599
The Differences Between Using a Class and a Function 600
React State and Life Cycle 601
Using Hooks (if You Use Node.js) 604
Events in React 604
Inline JSX Conditional Statements 606
Using Lists and Keys 607
Unique Keys 608
Handling Forms 609
Using Text Input 610
Using textarea 612
Using select 613
React Native 615
Creating React Native Apps 615
Further Reading 615
Taking React to the Next Level 616
Questions 616
25. Introduction to HTML5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
The Canvas 619
Geolocation 621
Audio and Video 623
Forms 624
Local Storage 624
Web Workers 624
Questions 625
26. The HTML5 Canvas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Creating and Accessing a Canvas 627
The toDataURL Function 629
Specifying an Image Type 631
The fillRect Method 631
The clearRect Method 631
The strokeRect Method 632
Combining These Commands 632
The createLinearGradient Method 633
The addColorStop Method in Detail 635
The createRadialGradient Method 636
Using Patterns for Fills 638
Writing Text to the Canvas 640
The strokeText Method 640
The textBaseline Property 641
The font Property 641
The textAlign Property 641
The fillText Method 642
The measureText Method 643
Drawing Lines 643
The lineWidth Property 644
The lineCap and lineJoin Properties 644
The miterLimit Property 646
Using Paths 646
The moveTo and lineTo Methods 647
The stroke Method 647
The rect Method 648
Filling Areas 648
The clip Method 650
The isPointInPath Method 653
Working with Curves 654
The arc Method 654
The arcTo Method 657
The quadraticCurveTo Method 658
The bezierCurveTo Method 659
Manipulating Images 660
The drawImage Method 660
Resizing an Image 661
Selecting an Image Area 661
Copying from a Canvas 663
Adding Shadows 663
Editing at the Pixel Level 665
The getImageData Method 665
The putImageData Method 668
The createImageData Method 668
Advanced Graphical Effects 669
The globalCompositeOperation Property 669
The globalAlpha Property 672
Transformations 672
The scale Method 673
The save and restore Methods 674
The rotate Method 674
The translate Method 675
The transform Method 676
The setTransform Method 678
Questions 679
27. HTML5 Audio and Video. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
About Codecs 682
The <audio> Element 683
The <video> Element 685
The Video Codecs 686
Questions 689
28. Other HTML5 Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Geolocation and the GPS Service 691
Other Location Methods 692
Geolocation and HTML5 693
Local Storage 696
Using Local Storage 696
The localStorage Object 697
Web Workers 699
Drag and Drop 702
Cross-Document Messaging 704
Other HTML5 Tags 708
Questions 708
29. Bringing It All Together. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Designing a Social Networking App 710
On the Website 710
functions.php 710
The Functions 711
header.php 713
setup.php 716
index.php 718
signup.php 719
Checking for Username Availability 719
Logging In 720
checkuser.php 723
login.php 724
profile.php 726
Adding the “About Me” Text 727
Adding a Profile Image 727
Processing the Image 727
Displaying the Current Profile 728
members.php 731
Viewing a User’s Profile 732
Adding and Dropping Friends 732
Listing All Members 732
friends.php 735
messages.php 738
logout.php 741
styles.css 743
javascript.js 745
Questions 746
A. Solutions to the Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

 Build interactive, data-driven websites with the potent combination of open source technologies and web standards, even if you have only basic HTML knowledge. With the latest edition of this popular hands-on guide, you'll tackle dynamic web programming using the most recent versions of today's core technologies: PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, HTML5, jQuery, and the powerful React library.

 Web designers will learn how to use these technologies together while picking up valuable web programming practices along the way, including how to optimize websites for mobile devices. You'll put everything together to build a fully functional social networking site suitable for both desktop and mobile browsers.

• Explore MySQL from database structure to complex queries

• Use the MySQL PDO extension, PHP's improved MySQL interface

• Create dynamic PHP web pages that tailor themselves to the user

• Manage cookies and sessions and maintain a high level of security

• Enhance JavaScript with the React library

• Use Ajax calls for background browser-server communication

• Style your web pages by acquiring CSS skills

• Implement HTML5 features, including geolocation, audio, video, and the canvas element

• Reformat your websites into mobile web apps